DDCAP Technical Manual for Drilling Works for Technical Support Plan for the Drillers in DDCA

426 Pages·2016·10.6 MB·English

by  Akira Takechi

Drilling and Dam Construction Agency (DDCA)
Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA)

DDCAP

Technical Manual for Drilling Works
for Technical Support Plan for the
Drillers in DDCA

Version 1

March 2013

Groundwater Development and Management Capacity Development (DDCAP)
Project

Contents

1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................ 1
2 DRILLING TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT (TA COde 2) .............................................................. 3
2.1 SELECTION OF DRILLING BIT AND DRILLING METHOD (TA CODE 2-1) ........... 3
2.2 ROTARY BITS (TA CODE 2-2) ........................................................................................ 8
2.3 DTH AND DTH BIT (TA CODE 2-3) ............................................................................... 9
2.4 RIG ACCESSORY (TA CODE 2-4) .................................................................................11
2.5 CASING TOOLS (TA CODE 2-5) ................................................................................... 17
2.6 DRILLING EQUIPMENT (TA CODE 2-6) .................................................................... 22
2.7 DRILLING CALCULATION (TA CODE 2-7) ............................................................... 26
2.8 WEIGHT OF DRILLING TOOLS (TA CODE 2-8) ........................................................ 37
2.9 ROTARY BIT ROTATION SPEED AND WEGHT ON BIT (TA CODE 2-9) ................ 39
2.10 DTH BIT ROTATION SPEED AND WEGHT ON BIT (TA CODE 2-10) ................... 41
3 DRILLING CONTROL (TA Code 4) ........................................................................................ 42
3.1 MUD CONTROL (A CODE 4-1) .................................................................................... 42
3.2 MUD PUMP OPERATION (TA CODE 4-2) ................................................................... 43
3.3 CASING FOR MUD DRILLING (TA CODE 4-3) ............................................................ 44
3.4 DRILLING OPERATION FOR MUD DRILLING (TA CODE 4-4) ................................. 45
3.5 BIT CONTROL AND REPARING FOR MUD DRILLING (TA CODE 4-5) ................... 48
3.6 AIR CONTROL FOR DTH DRILLING (TA CODE 4-6) .................................................. 49
3.7 AIR COMPRESSOR OPERATION (TA CODE 4-7) ......................................................... 50
3.8 CASING FOR DTH DRILLING (TA CODE 4-8).............................................................. 51
3.9 DRILLING OPERATION FOR DTH DRILLING (TA CODE 4-9) .................................. 52
3.10 BIT CONTROL AND REPARING FOR DTH DRILLING (TA CODE 4-10) ................ 53
4 BOREHOLE LOGGING (TA CODE 5) .................................................................................... 54
4.1 BOEREHOLE LOGGING INSTRUMENTS (TA CODE 5-1) .......................................... 54
4.2 INTERPRETATION OF BOREHOLE LOGGING RESULTS (TA CODE 5-2) ................ 60
5 GRAVEL PACKING (TA COde 7) ............................................................................................ 65
5.1 DETERMINATION OF GRAVEL SIZE (TA CODE 7-1) .................................................. 65
5.2 CALCULATION OF GRAVEL VOLUME (TA CODE 7-2) ........................................... 67
5.3 GRAVEL PACKING (TA CODE 7-3) ................................................................................ 68
6 WELL DEVELOPMENT (TA CODE 8) ................................................................................... 70
6.1 WELL CLEANING AFTER DRILLING (TA CODE 8-1) .............................................. 70
6.2 SINGLE TUBE METHOD AIR LIFTING (TA CODE 8-2) ........................................... 72
6.3 DOUBLE-TUBE METHOD AIR LIFTING (TA CODE 8-3) ....................................... 73
7 BACK-FILLING&SURFACE CEMENTING (TA CODE 9) ................................................... 74
7.1 BACK-FILLING (TA CODE 9-1) ................................................................................... 74
7.2 SURFACE CEMENTING (TA CODE 9-2) ........................................................................ 77
2. Slurry poured into the borehole ................................................................................................ 78
8 PUMPING TEST (TA CODE 14) .............................................................................................. 79
8.1 PURPOSE AND METHODS OF PUMPING TEST (TA CODE 14-1) .............................. 79
8.2 PUMPING TEST EQUIPMENT (TA CODE 14-2) ............................................................ 81
8.3 SELECTION OF SUBMERSIBLE PUMP (TA CODE 14-3) ............................................ 83
8.4 INTERPRETATION OF TEST RESULTS (TA CODE 14-4) .......................................... 88
9 WATER QUALITY (TA CODE 15) ........................................................................................... 95
9.1 PURPOSE OF WATER QUALITY ANALYSIS (TA CODE 15-1) .................................... 95
9.2 ITEM OF WATER QUALITY ANALYIS (TA CODE 15-2) .............................................. 97

Tables

Table 1 Identified Technical Areas Covering Drilling Works of DDCA ......................................... 1
Table 2 Technical Area / Item Covered by Teaching Guidance and Manuals ................................. 1
Table 3 Drilling Performance of Drilling Methods for Type of Formation ..................................... 6
Table 4 Selection of Bit for Rotary Cum DTH Drilling .................................................................. 7
Table 5 Connection of Rotary Bit ................................................................................................... 8
Table 6 Rig Accessories DDCA’s New Drilling Rig of 150 m Capacity .......................................11
Table 7 Capacity of API Drill Pipe ................................................................................................ 14
Table 8 Capacity of API Drill Collar ............................................................................................. 15
Table 9 Identification of API Threads ........................................................................................... 16
Table 10 Size of API 5L-B Steel Pipes.......................................................................................... 17
Table 11 Size of JIS STPG Sch-40 Steel Pipes ............................................................................. 18
Table 12 Size of JIS SGP Steel Pipes ............................................................................................ 18
Table 13 Size of BS Heavy Steel Pipes ......................................................................................... 18
Table 14 Size of uPVC Pipes ........................................................................................................ 21
Table 15 Specifications of NP-700 Mud Pump ............................................................................. 24
Table 16 Conversion Factors – Imperial to Metric ........................................................................ 27
Table 17 Conversion Tables – Length and Area ............................................................................ 29
Table 18 Conversion Tables – Velocity and Flow ......................................................................... 29
Table 19 Conversion Tables – Imperial Gallons to Litres ............................................................. 30
Table 20 Conversion Tables – Litres to Imperial Gallons ............................................................. 30
Table 21 Conversion Tables – Acre-Feet to 1,000 Cubit Meters ................................................... 31
Table 22 Conversion Tables – Cubic Yards to Cubic Meters ........................................................ 32
Table 23 Conversion Tables – Imperial Gallons Per Minute to Litres Per Second ....................... 33
Table 24 Conversion Tables – Pounds Per Square Inch to Kilo Pascals ....................................... 34
Table 25 Conversion Tables – Horsepower to Kilowatts .............................................................. 35
Table 26 List of Necessary Tools for 12-1/4” and 8-1/2” Drilling ................................................ 37
Table 27 Drill String Assembly for 12-1/4” x 30 m Drilling ........................................................ 37
Table 28 Drill String Assembly for 8-1/2” x 100 m Drilling ........................................................ 37
Table 29 Weight Calculation of Drill String Assembly for 12-1/4” x 30 m Drilling .................... 38
Table 30 Weight Calculation of Drill String Assembly for 8-1/2” x 100 m Drilling .................... 38
Table 31 Example of Bit Log Sheet .............................................................................................. 48
Table 32 Example of DTH Log Sheet ........................................................................................... 53
Table 33 Example of Cement Mixing Calculation ........................................................................ 77
Table 34 Conversion Table of Discharge Rate for 90 Deg. Notch Tank ....................................... 82
Table 35 Specifications of Submersible Pump SP17 (Grundfos) .................................................. 84
Table 36 Water Quality Parameters and each Pollition Sources and Effects................................. 95
Table 37 Values of WHO Guideline and TTS ............................................................................... 97
Table 38 Frequency of Sampling for Rural Water Supply ............................................................ 98
Table 39 Frequency of Sampling for Urban Water Supply ........................................................... 98

Figures

Figure 1 Mechanism of DTH Drilling Method ............................................................................... 4
Figure 2 Mechanism of Mud Rotary Drilling Method .................................................................... 5
Figure 3 Structure of Cable and Tool Drilling Machine .................................................................. 5
Figure 4 Structure of Tri-cone Tooth Bit ......................................................................................... 8
Figure 5 Structure of DTH .............................................................................................................. 9
Figure 6 Structure of DTH Bits ....................................................................................................... 9
Figure 7 Standard Drill Sttring Assembly ..................................................................................... 13
Figure 8 Specifications of Steel Casings and Drill Bits ................................................................ 20
Figure 9 Casing Lifting Tools ....................................................................................................... 21
Figure 10 Structure of Truck-mounted Drilling Rig ..................................................................... 22
Figure 11 Structure of Mud Pump ................................................................................................. 22
Figure 12 Duplex Mud Pump NP-700 (TONE) ............................................................................ 23
Figure 13 Internal Structure of Mud Pump ................................................................................... 23
Figure 14 Rotary Screw Air-Compressor PDSJ750S (21 m3/h, 21 bar) ........................................ 24
Figure 15 Change of Drilling Speed by Operating Pressure of DTH ............................................ 24
Figure 16 DDCA’s New Cargo Truck ........................................................................................... 25
Figure 17 Bit Penetration and Rotary Speed ................................................................................. 39
Figure 18 Example of the Calculation of WOB ............................................................................ 39
Figure 19 Standard Layout of Drilling Equipment on Site ........................................................... 42
Figure 20 Work Flow of Mud Drilling .......................................................................................... 45
Figure 21 DDCA’s Well Completion Form ................................................................................... 46
Figure 22 DDCA’s Well Section Drawing Form ........................................................................... 47
Figure 23 Example of the Casing Program for DTH Drilling Borehole ....................................... 51
Figure 24 Work Flow of DTH Drilling ......................................................................................... 52
Figure 25 Work Procedure of Borehole Logging (Geologer 3030)............................................... 59
Figure 26 Example of Logging Result and Casing Program (Sedimentary Formation) ............... 63
Figure 27 Example of Logging Result and Casing Program (Hard Rock Formation) .................. 64
Figure 28 Example of Gravel Pack Design ................................................................................... 65
Figure 29 Example of Sieve Analysis Sheet ................................................................................. 66
Figure 30 Example of the Gravel Calculation ............................................................................... 67
Figure 31 Installation of Gravel Pack ........................................................................................... 68
Figure 32 Measurement of Gravel Top ......................................................................................... 68
Figure 33 Installation of clay pellets ............................................................................................. 68
Figure 34 Development by Single-Tube Air-Lifting ..................................................................... 70
Figure 35 Single Tube Air-Lifting Method ................................................................................... 72
Figure 36 Double-Tube Air-Lifting Method ................................................................................. 73
Figure 37 Government Specifications and Regulations Applicable to Water Well Drilling and
Installation Method .......................................................................................................................... 74
Figure 38 Work Procedure of Surface Cementing ........................................................................ 78
Figure 39 Example of Results of Step Drawdown Tests (t-dwl curve) ......................................... 79
Figure 40 Example of Results of Step Drawdown Tests (Q-s curve) ............................................ 79
Figure 41 Example of Results of Step Drawdown Tests and Recovery Test (t-s curve) ............... 80
Figure 42 Standard Setting of Pumping Test Instruments ............................................................. 81
Figure 43 Structure of Notch Tank ................................................................................................ 81
Figure 44 Example of Calculation of Pump Total Head (Discharge Rate 10 m3/h) .................... 85
Figure 45 Pressure Loss Nomogram for Galvanized Steel Pipe ................................................... 86
Figure 46 Pump Capacity Curve of SP17 Serieis (GRUNDFOS) ................................................ 87
Figure 47 Example of Form of Summary of Pumping Test .......................................................... 88
Figure 48 DDCA’s Record Form of Constant Discharge Rate Test .............................................. 89
Figure 49 DDCA’s Record Form of Recovery Test ....................................................................... 90
Figure 50 Example of Results of Step Drawdown Test................................................................. 92
Figure 51 DDCA’s Record Form of Recovery Test ....................................................................... 92
Figure 52 Example of Interpretation of Step Drawdown Test ....................................................... 93
Figure 53 Summary Report of Pumping Test Result and Pump Installation Plan ........................ 94

DDCAP Technical Manual for Drilling Works
For Technical Support Plan for the Drillers in DDCA

1 INTRODUCTION
The baseline survey on DDCA’s drilling organization was conducted in the course of the Project,
for the purpose to reveal the current status of drilling works and the technical level of drillers in
DDCA. The results of the baseline survey were compiled in the Technical Support Plan for the
Drillers in DDCA (hereinafter referred to as “TSP”) which was formulated in January 2013. This
plan identified 15 technical areas which cover the drilling works of DDCA including eight
technical areas necessary to be enhanced and two new technical areas to be needed, as shown in
Table 1.
Table 1 Identified Technical Areas Covering Drilling Works of DDCA
New Areas
Areas to be
No. Technical Area All Areas to be
Enhanced
Needed
1 Site Mobilization ✔
2 Drilling Tools and Equipment ✔ ✔
3 Drilling Drawbacks ✔
4 Drilling Control ✔ ✔
5 Borehole Logging ✔ ✔
6 Casing Program / Installation ✔
7 Gravel Packing ✔ ✔
8 Well Development ✔ ✔
9 Back-Filling & Surface Cementing ✔ ✔
10 Site Demobilization ✔
11 Well Investigation ✔
12 Tool Fishing ✔ ✔
13 Well Rehabilitatation ✔ ✔
14 Pumping Test ✔ ✔
15 Water Quality Analysis ✔ ✔
This Technical Manual for Drilling Works was prepared according the TSP and covers eight
technical areas to be enhanced. This manual is expected to be utilized by the senior drillrs in
DDCA in order to acquire the necessary technical knowledge and the proper work procedures.
Furthermore, it forms a part of materials for the teaching guidance which is used for the technical
instruction to both private drillers and DDCA’s drillers. In the TSP, the technical areas were
further divided into details namely technical items. Technical areas and items are the important
basic units for the activities of technical training and guidance in the Project, in the respects of the
manual formulation, training plan, technical evaluation and so on. They are commonly used
between three major training related documents i.e. the Teaching Guidance, the Manual for Drilling
Works and the Manual for Well Rehabilitation and Tool Fishing, as shown in Table 2.
Table 2 Technical Area / Item Covered by Teaching Guidance and Manuals
Manual for Well
Teaching Manual for
TA Code Technical Area / Item Rehabilitation and
Guidance Drilling Works
Tool Fishing
1 Site Mobilization ✔
1-1 Site Preparation and Drilling Machine Setting-Out ✔
2 Drilling Tools and Equipment ✔ ✔
2-1 Selection of drilling bit and drilling method ✔ ✔
2-2 Rotary Bits ✔ ✔
2-3 DTH and DTH Bit ✔ ✔
2-4 Rig Accessory ✔ ✔
2-5 Casing Tools ✔ ✔
2-6 Drilling Equipment ✔ ✔
2-7 Drilling Calculation ✔ ✔
2-8 Weight of drilling tools ✔ ✔
2-9 Rotary bit rotation speed and weight on bit ✔ ✔
2-10 DTH Bit rotation speed and weight on bit ✔ ✔
1
DDCAP Technical Manual for Drilling Works
For Technical Support Plan for the Drillers in DDCA

Manual for Well
Teaching Manual for
TA Code Technical Area / Item Rehabilitation and
Guidance Drilling Works
Tool Fishing
3 Drilling Drawbacks ✔
3-1 Countermeasures against lost circulation during mud ✔
drilling
3-2 Countermeasures against lost circulation during DTH ✔
drilling
3-3 Countermeasures against bore wall collapse during mud ✔
drilling
3-4 Countermeasures against bore wall collapse during DTH ✔
drilling
3-5 Countermeasures against jamming of drilling tools ✔
4 Drilling Control ✔ ✔
4-1 Mud control ✔ ✔
4-2 Mud Pump Operation ✔ ✔
4-3 Casing for mud drilling ✔ ✔
4-4 Drilling operation for mud drilling ✔ ✔
4-5 Bit control and repairing for mud drilling ✔ ✔
4-6 Air control for DTH drilling ✔ ✔
4-7 Air compressor operation ✔ ✔
4-8 Casing for DTH drilling ✔ ✔
4-9 Drilling operation for DTH drilling ✔ ✔
4-10 Bit control and repairing for DTH drilling ✔ ✔
5 Borehole Logging ✔ ✔
5-1 Borehole logging instruments ✔ ✔
5-2 Interpretation of borehole logging results ✔ ✔
6 Casing Program / Installation ✔
6-1 PVC casing, screen pipe ✔
6-2 Casing Program ✔
6-3 Role of centralizer ✔
6-4 Casing, screen pipe installation ✔
7 Gravel Packing ✔ ✔
7-1 Determination of gravel size ✔ ✔
7-2 Calculation of gravel volume ✔ ✔
7-3 Gravel packing ✔ ✔
8 Well Development ✔ ✔
8-1 Well cleaning after drilling ✔ ✔
8-2 Single-tube method air-lifting ✔ ✔
8-3 Double-tube method air-lifting ✔ ✔
9 Back-Filling & Surface Cementing ✔ ✔
9-1 Back-filling ✔ ✔
9-2 Surface cementing ✔ ✔
10 Site Demobilization ✔
10-1 Precautions upon site demobilization ✔
11 Well Investigation ✔
11-1 Necessary information of well rehabilitation plan ✔
11-2 Well rehibilitation plan ✔
12 Tool Fishing ✔ ✔
12-1 Tool fishing plan ✔ ✔
12-2 Fishing tools ✔ ✔
13 Well Rehabilitatation ✔ ✔
13-1 Phenomenan and causes of well deterioration ✔ ✔
13-2 Methods of well rehabilitation ✔ ✔
13-3 Usage of well camera ✔ ✔
14 Pumping Test ✔ ✔
14-1 Purpose and methods of Pumping Test ✔ ✔
14-2 Pumping test equipment ✔ ✔
14-3 Selection of Submersible Pump ✔ ✔
14-4 Interpretation of test results ✔ ✔
15 Water Quality Analysis ✔ ✔
15-1 Purpose of Water quality analysis ✔ ✔
15-2 Item of water quality analysis ✔ ✔
2