Databook of curatives and crosslinkers

545 Pages·2019·3.385 MB·English

by  Hanson, Malgorzata, Wypych, Anna




Published by ChemTec Publishing
38 Earswick Drive, Toronto, Ontario M1E 1C6, Canada
© ChemTec Publishing 2019
ISBN 978-1-927885-49-9 (hard copy); 978-1-927885-50-5 (epub)
Cover design: Anita Wypych
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored
or transmitted in any form or by any means without written permission of
copyright owner. No responsibility is assumed by the Author and the Pub-
lisher for any injury or/and damage to persons or properties as a matter of
products liability, negligence, use, or operation of any methods, product
ideas, or instructions published or suggested in this book.
Library and Archives of Canada Cataloguing in Publication
Hanson, Malgorzata, 1962-, author
Databook of curatives and crosslinkers / Malgorzata Hanson and
Anna Wypych. -- 1st edition.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Issued in print and electronic formats.
ISBN 978-1-927885-49-9 (hardcover).--ISBN 978-1-927885-50-5 (PDF)
1. Polymers--Additives. 2. Curing--Equipment and supplies.
3. Crosslinked polymers. 4. Curing. 5. Crosslinking (Polymerization).
I. Wypych, Anna, 1937-, author II. Title.
TP1142.H359 2019 668.9 C2018-904001-7
C2018-904002-5
Printed in Australia, United Kingdom, and the United States of America
1 Introduction
In the standard defi ni(cid:415) on, the crosslinker is an addi(cid:415) ve which links two polymer chains by
the covalent or ionic bond. In polymer chemistry, the curing reac(cid:415) on changes mechanical
proper(cid:415) es or viscosity by increasing molecular weight of a polymer by reac(cid:415) ng two diff er-
ent components. Components can be polymers, prepolymers, oligomers, or monomers. If
the components to be linked are polymers, there is no visible diff erence between curing or
crosslinking. For this reason, both terms are frequently interchangeable in meaning and ap-
plica(cid:415) on. If the components have lower molecular weight (e.g., monomer, oligomer) then
two diff erent kinds of cura(cid:415) ves are typically used, namely chain extenders and/or cross-
linkers. The chain extender has two func(cid:415) onal groups divided by a spacer which may be
used to regulate hardness of the resultant material, and the crosslinker has the func(cid:415) onality
of three or more by which it can react with more than two monomers or prepolymers thus
forming a crosslink. Polyurethane chemistry provides s(cid:415) ll another useful example. Typically,
hydroxyl or amine groups react with the isocyanate groups to build a high molecular weight
polymer. But in this case, either group may become crosslinker (either isocyanate, or amine,
or hydroxyl containing moiety may have more than two func(cid:415) onal groups thus playing a role
of crosslinker).
The above reasons suggest that dis(cid:415) nguishing between cura(cid:415) ves and crosslinkers does not
provide any benefi ts for the selec(cid:415) on of these addi(cid:415) ves. Mainly, the reac(cid:415) vity of compo-
nents (the material to be cured and the curing moiety) has the primary importance in their
choice. For this reason, throughout this book, the terms cura(cid:415) ve and crosslinker are used
interchangeably mostly to refl ect the naming system adopted by the addi(cid:415) ve manufacturer.
The cura(cid:415) ves/crosslinkers are organized in the book according to the alphabe(cid:415) c order of
their commercial or chemical names.
To improve naviga(cid:415) on through the book, four indices have been generated, as follows, the
index of cura(cid:415) ves names is placed just before this chapter. Indices of the chemical composi-
(cid:415) on of cura(cid:415) ves/crosslinkers, their applica(cid:415) on for diff erent polymers, and product applica-
(cid:415) ons can be found at the end of this book.
The data for each cura(cid:415) ve/crosslinker are presented in a separate table. The informa(cid:415) on in
the table is divided into fi ve sec(cid:415) ons, including General, Physical proper(cid:415) es, Health & safety,
Ecological, and Use. The contents of these fi ve sec(cid:415) ons is given below.
General sec(cid:415) on contains the following fi elds: name, CAS #, acronym, acrylamide content,
ac(cid:415) ve content, ac(cid:415) ve oxygen content, amine value, amine equivalent weight, assay, aziri-
dine content, bio-based composi(cid:415) on, borate content, chemical class, chemical composi(cid:415) on,
common name, cure schedule, EC number, empirical formula, formula, func(cid:415) onality, hy-
droxyl number, IUPAC name, moisture content, molecular mass, NCO content, RTECS #, SiH
content, solvent, solids content, sulfur content, Ti content, water content, and Zr content.
Physical sec(cid:415) on contains the following fi elds: acid #, ac(cid:415) va(cid:415) on energy, alkalinity, ash con-
tent, boiling point, color (descrip(cid:415) on, Gardner, pla(cid:415) num-cobalt scales), density, dimer acids,
freezing/mel(cid:415) ng point, gel (cid:415) me, glass transi(cid:415) on temperature, half-life, kinema(cid:415) c viscosity,
monomer acids, odor, par(cid:415) cle size, pH, polymer acids, pot life, refrac(cid:415) ve index, solubility (in
solvents and water), specifi c gravity, state, storage, surface tension, thin fi lm set (cid:415) me, vapor
density, vapor pressure, and viscosity.
Databook of Curatives & Crosslinkers/Copyrights 2019; ChemTec Publishing 1
Health & safety sec(cid:415) on contains the following fi elds: ADR/RID class, autoigni(cid:415) on tempera-
ture, HMIS (fi re, health, reac(cid:415) vity), inventory status, carcinogenicity, DOT class, explosive
LEL & UEL, eye irrita(cid:415) on, fl ash point and method, fi rst aid (eye, skin, inhala(cid:415) on), hazard-
ous thermal decomposi(cid:415) on products, ICAO/IATA class, IMDG class, inges(cid:415) on, inhala(cid:415) on (rat
LC50), LD50 (dermal rat and rabbit, and oral rat), mutagenicity, NFPA (fl ammability, health,
reac(cid:415) vity), self-accelera(cid:415) ng decomposi(cid:415) on temperature, skin irrita(cid:415) on, teratogenicity, TLV
(ACGIH, NIOSH, OSHA), UN risk and safety phrases, and UN/NA class.
Ecological sec(cid:415) on contains the following fi elds: aqua(cid:415) c toxicity (NOEC), LC50 (Bluegill sun-
fi sh, Daphnia magna, Fathead minnow, Rainbow trout, Zebra fi sh), bioaccumula(cid:415) on, biocon-
centra(cid:415) on factor, biodegrada(cid:415) on probability, and par(cid:415) (cid:415) on coeffi cients.
Use sec(cid:415) on contains the following fi elds: crosslinking process, crosslinking target, dose, food
contact, formula(cid:415) on examples, manufacturer, op(cid:415) onal curing (cid:415) me, outstanding proper(cid:415) es,
problems to avoid, reac(cid:415) ve groups, recommended for products, recommended for resins,
spacer arm length, suggested curing temperature, suggested maximum compounding tem-
perature, and (cid:415) ps for applica(cid:415) on.
The above informa(cid:415) on is benefi cial if compiled for all addi(cid:415) ves in a comparable format. We
use the same set of units to achieve the compa(cid:415) bility of data. At the same (cid:415) me, data can
only be made available if they are provided by the manufacturing companies which is fre-
quently not the very common case.
The next chapter contains a defi ni(cid:415) on of all fi elds which have been listed above and included
in the descrip(cid:415) on of addi(cid:415) ves.
Databook of Curatives & Crosslinkers/Copyrights 2019; ChemTec Publishing 2
2 Information on data fi elds
The fi elds used in the databook are listed in alphabetical order. The information on data in
a particular fi eld includes glossary of term, unit of measurement, typical methods used to
measure quantities available in the databook.
A(cid:3452)(cid:3458)(cid:3453) (cid:3463)(cid:3470)(cid:3462)(cid:3451)(cid:3454)(cid:3467)
Twenty-fi ve grams of a additive is placed in 125 ml Erlenmeyer fl ask and 50 ml alcohol
is added to dissolve the sample. If the sample is not completely soluble, 50 ml of equal
amounts of alcohol and acetone are used. This sample is titrated with 0.01N NaOH or KOH
in the presence of bromothymol blue used as an indicator. ISO standard uses a method of
titration similar to just described ASTM standard but phenolphthalein is used as an indicator
and 0.1 N NaOH is used as a titrating agent. The results are expressed in mg KOH per 1 g
of sample.
A(cid:3452)(cid:3467)(cid:3464)(cid:3463)(cid:3474)(cid:3462)
Abbreviations of additive names can be found in the standard terminology (ASTM D1600-
14 Standard Terminology for Abbreviated Terms Relating to Plastics). ISO standard has a
separate section for symbols used for additives (ISO 1043-3:1996 Plastics -- Symbols and
abbreviated terms -- Part 3: Additives). In addition to the abbreviations for individual addi-
tives, Annex A contains a list of symbols for additive components (alcohol part, acid part,
and other elements of composition). Abbreviations of additives used in rubber are given in a
separate standard (ISO 6472:2010 Rubber compounding ingredients -- Abbreviations).
A(cid:3452)(cid:3467)(cid:3474)(cid:3461)(cid:3450)(cid:3462)(cid:3458)(cid:3453)(cid:3454) (cid:3452)(cid:3464)(cid:3463)(cid:3469)(cid:3454)(cid:3463)(cid:3469)
The content of acrylamide binder in the composition of the curing agent.
A(cid:3452)(cid:3469)(cid:3458)(cid:3471)(cid:3450)(cid:3469)(cid:3458)(cid:3464)(cid:3463) (cid:3454)(cid:3463)(cid:3454)(cid:3467)(cid:3456)(cid:3474)
The energy required for reactants to undergo a chemical reaction.
A(cid:3452)(cid:3469)(cid:3458)(cid:3471)(cid:3454) (cid:3452)(cid:3464)(cid:3462)(cid:3465)(cid:3464)(cid:3463)(cid:3454)(cid:3463)(cid:3469) (cid:3452)(cid:3464)(cid:3463)(cid:3469)(cid:3454)(cid:3463)(cid:3469)
The content of active component (curing agent) in the composition of additive.
A(cid:3452)(cid:3469)(cid:3458)(cid:3471)(cid:3454) (cid:3464)(cid:3473)(cid:3474)(cid:3456)(cid:3454)(cid:3463) (cid:3452)(cid:3464)(cid:3463)(cid:3469)(cid:3454)(cid:3463)(cid:3469)
The content of active oxygen (e.g., in peroxide curing agents) in the composition of the cur-
ing additive.
ADR/RID (cid:3452)(cid:3461)(cid:3450)(cid:3468)(cid:3468)
A number corresponding to one of the eight classes of cargo defi ned in the European Agree-
ment concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road (ADR) or the
International Regulations concerning the Transport of Dangerous goods by Rail (RID).
A(cid:3461)(cid:3460)(cid:3450)(cid:3461)(cid:3458)(cid:3463)(cid:3458)(cid:3469)(cid:3474)
Alkalinity expressed in units of meq/L corresponds to the amount of monoprotic acid added
as a titrant in millimoles per liter.
Databook of Curatives and Crosslinkers/Copyrights 2019; ChemTec Publishin g 3
A(cid:3462)(cid:3458)(cid:3463)(cid:3454) (cid:3454)(cid:3466)(cid:3470)(cid:3458)(cid:3471)(cid:3450)(cid:3461)(cid:3454)(cid:3463)(cid:3469) (cid:3472)(cid:3454)(cid:3458)(cid:3456)(cid:3457)(cid:3469)
An amine hardener has reactive NH groups than can react with an epoxy group. The equiv-
alent weight of an amine may be expressed by an amine equivalent weight in g/eq. This
means that x number of g of the material has one NH group.
A(cid:3462)(cid:3458)(cid:3463)(cid:3454) (cid:3457)(cid:3474)(cid:3453)(cid:3467)(cid:3464)(cid:3456)(cid:3454)(cid:3463) (cid:3454)(cid:3466)(cid:3470)(cid:3458)(cid:3471)(cid:3450)(cid:3461)(cid:3454)(cid:3463)(cid:3469) (cid:3472)(cid:3454)(cid:3458)(cid:3456)(cid:3457)(cid:3469)
The hydrogen equivalent is the result of the calculation of the molecular weight of the poly-
manine divided by the amount of the active hydrogen atom. Active hydrogen atom is the
one which is connected to a nitrogen.
A(cid:3462)(cid:3458)(cid:3463)(cid:3454) (cid:3471)(cid:3450)(cid:3461)(cid:3470)(cid:3454)
The amine value is determined by titration of the amine by a dilute, typically 1N HCl solu-
tion. For pure material, the amine number can be calculated using the molecular weights of
the pure compound and KOH.
A(cid:3463)(cid:3458)(cid:3462)(cid:3450)(cid:3461) (cid:3469)(cid:3454)(cid:3468)(cid:3469)(cid:3458)(cid:3463)(cid:3456), (cid:3450)(cid:3452)(cid:3470)(cid:3469)(cid:3454) (cid:3469)(cid:3464)(cid:3473)(cid:3458)(cid:3452)(cid:3458)(cid:3469)(cid:3474)
Acute toxicity describes the adverse eff ects resulting from a single exposure to a substance.
Typical methods of measurement include LD50 which is the amount of a solid or liquid
material that is required to kill 50% of test animals in one dose.
A(cid:3466)(cid:3470)(cid:3450)(cid:3469)(cid:3458)(cid:3452) (cid:3469)(cid:3464)(cid:3473)(cid:3458)(cid:3452)(cid:3458)(cid:3469)(cid:3474)
The adverse eff ects to marine life (aquatic organisms) that result from exposure to a toxic
substance. Aquatic toxicity can be expressed as the lethal concentration of a chemical sub-
stance in milligrams per liter that caused death to 50% population of aquatic species (LC50)
during the time of experiment (usually 24, 48 or 96 hours).
A(cid:3468)(cid:3457) (cid:3452)(cid:3464)(cid:3463)(cid:3469)(cid:3454)(cid:3463)(cid:3469)
Percentage of ash in the additive.
A(cid:3468)(cid:3468)(cid:3450)(cid:3474)
Determination of quantity.
A(cid:3475)(cid:3458)(cid:3467)(cid:3458)(cid:3453)(cid:3458)(cid:3463)(cid:3454) (cid:3452)(cid:3464)(cid:3463)(cid:3469)(cid:3454)(cid:3463)(cid:3469)
Concentration of aziridine functional group in curative.
A(cid:3470)(cid:3469)(cid:3464)(cid:3458)(cid:3456)(cid:3463)(cid:3458)(cid:3469)(cid:3458)(cid:3464)(cid:3463) (cid:3469)(cid:3454)(cid:3462)(cid:3465)(cid:3454)(cid:3467)(cid:3450)(cid:3469)(cid:3470)(cid:3467)(cid:3454)
The lowest temperature at which a material will ignite and sustain combustion in the ab-
sence of a spark or fl ame. The properties of liquid can be tested by standardized methods
(ASTM E659-14 Standard Test Method for Autoignition Temperature of Liquid Chemicals).
The ignition temperature is the temperature in degrees Centigrade at which the substance
shows spontaneous combustion when touching hot bodies.
B(cid:3458)(cid:3464)(cid:3450)(cid:3452)(cid:3452)(cid:3470)(cid:3462)(cid:3470)(cid:3461)(cid:3450)(cid:3469)(cid:3458)(cid:3464)(cid:3463)
Bioaccumulation occurs when an organism absorbs a substance at a rate faster than that at
which the substance is lost by catabolism and excretion.
Databook of Curatives and Crosslinkers/Copyrights 2019; ChemTec Publishin g 4
B(cid:3458)(cid:3464)(cid:3452)(cid:3464)(cid:3463)(cid:3452)(cid:3454)(cid:3463)(cid:3469)(cid:3467)(cid:3450)(cid:3469)(cid:3458)(cid:3464)(cid:3463) (cid:3455)(cid:3450)(cid:3452)(cid:3469)(cid:3464)(cid:3467)
It is the ratio of a substance’s concentration in tissue of an aquatic organism to its concen-
tration in the ambient water, in situations where the organism is exposed through the water
only and the ratio does not change substantially over time.
B(cid:3458)(cid:3464)(cid:3453)(cid:3454)(cid:3456)(cid:3467)(cid:3450)(cid:3453)(cid:3450)(cid:3469)(cid:3458)(cid:3464)(cid:3463) (cid:3465)(cid:3467)(cid:3464)(cid:3451)(cid:3450)(cid:3451)(cid:3458)(cid:3461)(cid:3458)(cid:3469)(cid:3474)
The probability that an organic substance will biodegrade under aerobic conditions. This
fi eld includes the general statements regarding biodegradation probability of additives. Ex-
perimental data are included in the following fi elds: Biological Oxygen Demand, Chemical
Oxygen Demand, and Theoretical Oxygen Demand.
B(cid:3464)(cid:3458)(cid:3461)(cid:3458)(cid:3463)(cid:3456) (cid:3469)(cid:3454)(cid:3462)(cid:3465)(cid:3454)(cid:3467)(cid:3450)(cid:3469)(cid:3470)(cid:3467)(cid:3454)
The boiling point is the temperature in degrees Centigrade at which the substance undergoes
transition from the liquid into the gaseous phase under normal pressure.
B(cid:3461)(cid:3470)(cid:3454)(cid:3456)(cid:3458)(cid:3461)(cid:3461) (cid:3468)(cid:3470)(cid:3463)(cid:3455)(cid:3458)(cid:3468)(cid:3457)
In order to assess bioaccumulation of substance, a test organism such as Bluegill sunfi sh,
Daphnia magna, Fathead minnow, Rainbow trout, or other is selected. The test substance
is administered as a suspension directly into the water. A test organism is observed by a
specifi ed number of hours. If deleterious eff ects, due either to toxicity or pathogenicity are
observed, sequentially lower doses should be tested. The experiment should establish LC50
value for a particular substance and a test organism (LC50 is a dose required to kill 50 per-
cent of the test organisms).
B(cid:3464)(cid:3467)(cid:3450)(cid:3469)(cid:3454) (cid:3452)(cid:3464)(cid:3463)(cid:3469)(cid:3454)(cid:3463)(cid:3469)
Concentration of borate group in the curative.
C(cid:3450)(cid:3467)(cid:3451)(cid:3464)(cid:3453)(cid:3458)(cid:3458)(cid:3462)(cid:3458)(cid:3453)(cid:3454) (cid:3454)(cid:3466)(cid:3470)(cid:3458)(cid:3471)(cid:3450)(cid:3461)(cid:3454)(cid:3463)(cid:3469)
Molecular weight of active carbodiimide
C(cid:3450)(cid:3467)(cid:3452)(cid:3458)(cid:3463)(cid:3464)(cid:3456)(cid:3454)(cid:3463)(cid:3458)(cid:3452)(cid:3458)(cid:3469)(cid:3474)
A carcinogenic material is one that is known to cause cancer. The process of forming cancer
cells from normal cells or carcinomas is called carcinogenesis. A summary of fi ndings
included in this fi eld is based on general principles of material assessment, which includes:
a  There is limited evidence of carcinogenicity from studies in humans. A cause and eff ect
interpretation is credible, but that alternative explanations such as chance, bias, other vari-
ables etc. cannot be ruled out. Again, science can never prove a hypothesis, only disprove
one. Scientifi c “facts” are established only when a preponderance of the evidence supports
a hypothesis and there is 1) no evidence to disprove it and 2) no equally viable alternative
hypotheses. b  There is suffi cient evidence of carcinogenicity from studies in experimental
animals, which indicates there is an increased incidence of malignant and/or a combination
of malignant and benign tumors (1) in multiple species or at multiple tissue sites, or (2) by
multiple routes of exposure, or (3) to an unusual degree with regard to incidence, site, or
type of tumor, or age at onset. c  There is less than suffi cient evidence of carcinogenicity in
humans or laboratory animals; however, the substance is structurally related to other materi-
als that are either human carcinogens or reasonably anticipated to be human carcinogens.
d  There is convincing relevant information that the material acts through mechanisms that
are likely to cause cancer in humans. Carcinogenicity lists are maintained by NTP, IARC,
and OSHA.
Databook of Curatives and Crosslinkers/Copyrights 2019; ChemTec Publishin g 5
CAS (cid:3463)(cid:3470)(cid:3462)(cid:3451)(cid:3454)(cid:3467)
A number assigned by the Chemical Abstracts Service that uniquely identifi es a chemical
substance.
C(cid:3457)(cid:3454)(cid:3462)(cid:3458)(cid:3452)(cid:3450)(cid:3461) (cid:3452)(cid:3450)(cid:3469)(cid:3454)(cid:3456)(cid:3464)(cid:3467)(cid:3474)
Non-systematic classifi cation of additives based on their main component.
C(cid:3457)(cid:3454)(cid:3462)(cid:3458)(cid:3452)(cid:3450)(cid:3461) (cid:3452)(cid:3464)(cid:3462)(cid:3465)(cid:3464)(cid:3468)(cid:3458)(cid:3469)(cid:3458)(cid:3464)(cid:3463)
Components of formulated products are given if available.
C(cid:3464)(cid:3461)(cid:3464)(cid:3467)
This fi eld gives a description of color that is typical of commercial product or pure speci-
men.
C(cid:3464)(cid:3461)(cid:3464)(cid:3467), G(cid:3450)(cid:3467)(cid:3453)(cid:3463)(cid:3454)(cid:3467) (cid:3468)(cid:3452)(cid:3450)(cid:3461)(cid:3454)
The Gardner Scale was developed in the 1920s to classify the color of drying oils, varnish-
es, fatty acids, polymerized fatty acids, and resin solutions. The scale originally consisted of
18 liquid standards composed of potassium dichromate, ferric chloride, cobaltous chloride,
and potassium chloroplatinate for visual comparison, ranging from light yellow (1) to dark
brown (18). The solutions were replaced by glass fi lters in 1958 in an attempt to enhance
precision.
C(cid:3464)(cid:3461)(cid:3464)(cid:3467), (cid:3465)(cid:3461)(cid:3450)(cid:3469)(cid:3458)(cid:3463)(cid:3470)(cid:3462)-(cid:3452)(cid:3464)(cid:3451)(cid:3450)(cid:3461)(cid:3469) (cid:3468)(cid:3452)(cid:3450)(cid:3461)(cid:3454)
The Platinum-Cobalt Scale is a color scale that was introduced in 1892 by chemist Allen
Hazen (1869–1930). The index was developed as a way to evaluate pollution levels in waste
water. It has since expanded to a common method of comparison of the intensity of yellow-
tinted samples. It is also known as APHA scale.
C(cid:3464)(cid:3462)(cid:3462)(cid:3464)(cid:3463) (cid:3463)(cid:3450)(cid:3462)(cid:3454)
Many additives have commercial names (see under label – Name). This frequently does not
permit to recognize chemical composition of the additive. Common name helps in recogni-
tion of chemical nature of material.
C(cid:3464)(cid:3462)(cid:3462)(cid:3464)(cid:3463) (cid:3468)(cid:3474)(cid:3463)(cid:3464)(cid:3463)(cid:3474)(cid:3462)
Common synonym has similar application as the Common name. It is used to help in identi-
fi cation of chemical nature of the product.
C(cid:3464)(cid:3463)(cid:3452)(cid:3454)(cid:3463)(cid:3469)(cid:3467)(cid:3450)(cid:3469)(cid:3458)(cid:3464)(cid:3463) (cid:3464)(cid:3455) (cid:3453)(cid:3458)(cid:3462)(cid:3454)(cid:3467), (cid:3462)(cid:3464)(cid:3463)(cid:3464)(cid:3462)(cid:3454)(cid:3467), (cid:3450)(cid:3463)(cid:3453) (cid:3465)(cid:3464)(cid:3461)(cid:3474)(cid:3462)(cid:3454)(cid:3467) (cid:3450)(cid:3452)(cid:3458)(cid:3453)(cid:3468)
Concentration in percents of dimer, monomer, and polymeric acids in fatty acids composi-
tions as determined by gas chromatography.
D(cid:3450)(cid:3465)(cid:3457)(cid:3463)(cid:3458)(cid:3450) (cid:3462)(cid:3450)(cid:3456)(cid:3463)(cid:3450)
In order to assess bioaccumulation of substance, a test organism such as Bluegill sunfi sh,
Daphnia magna, Fathead minnow, Rainbow trout, or other is selected. The test substance
is administered as a suspension directly into the water. A test organism is observed by a
specifi ed number of hours. If deleterious eff ects, due either to toxicity or pathogenicity are
observed, sequentially lower doses should be tested. The experiment should establish LC50
value for a particular substance and a test organism (LC50 is a dose required to kill 50 per-
cent of the test organisms).
Databook of Curatives and Crosslinkers/Copyrights 2019; ChemTec Publishin g 6
D(cid:3454)(cid:3463)(cid:3468)(cid:3458)(cid:3469)(cid:3474)
The mass per unit volume.
DOT (cid:3452)(cid:3461)(cid:3450)(cid:3468)(cid:3468)
Transportation instructions require DOT Hazard Class in which materials are divided into
the following classes: 1 – Explosives, 2 – Gases, 3 – Flammable and combustible liquids, 4
– Flammable spontaneously combustible solids, 5 – Oxidizers & organic peroxides, 6 – Poi-
sonous & infectious materials, 7 – Radioactive materials, 8 – Corrosives, 9 – Miscellaneous.
In addition UN number and packaging group is also given.
EC (cid:3463)(cid:3470)(cid:3462)(cid:3451)(cid:3454)(cid:3467)
Number assigned by the EU commission to a substance (previously EINECS and ELINCS)
which to identify a compound.
E(cid:3462)(cid:3465)(cid:3458)(cid:3467)(cid:3458)(cid:3452)(cid:3450)(cid:3461) (cid:3455)(cid:3464)(cid:3467)(cid:3462)(cid:3470)(cid:3461)(cid:3450)
The empirical formula is the molecular formula of a chemical compound. The order of
atoms follows the Hill system which is utilized by the Chemical Abstracts Services and by
the Beilstein Institute. Within the empirical formula C is the fi rst element symbol, H is the
second, the other element symbols are added in alphabetical order. The empirical formula
does not take into account of any crystal water content. Using this fi eld for searches requires
that the above guidelines are strictly followed.
E(cid:3473)(cid:3465)(cid:3461)(cid:3464)(cid:3468)(cid:3458)(cid:3464)(cid:3463) (cid:3461)(cid:3458)(cid:3462)(cid:3458)(cid:3469), (cid:3461)(cid:3464)(cid:3472)(cid:3454)(cid:3467), LEL
The explosion limits are the lower and the upper border concentration in volume percent of
a fl ammable gas or vapor mixed with air between which the mixture can be made to explode
by heating or by a spark.
E(cid:3473)(cid:3465)(cid:3461)(cid:3464)(cid:3468)(cid:3458)(cid:3464)(cid:3463) (cid:3461)(cid:3458)(cid:3462)(cid:3458)(cid:3469), (cid:3470)(cid:3465)(cid:3465)(cid:3454)(cid:3467), UEL
The explosion limits are the lower and the upper border concentration in volume percent of
a fl ammable gas or vapor mixed with air between which the mixture can be made to explode
by heating or by a spark.
E(cid:3474)(cid:3454) (cid:3458)(cid:3467)(cid:3467)(cid:3458)(cid:3469)(cid:3450)(cid:3469)(cid:3458)(cid:3464)(cid:3463)
The information included in this fi eld comes from existing human experience, animal obser-
vations related to the potential irritation of human eye, and in vitro studies.
F(cid:3450)(cid:3469)(cid:3457)(cid:3454)(cid:3450)(cid:3453) (cid:3462)(cid:3458)(cid:3463)(cid:3463)(cid:3464)(cid:3472)
In order to assess bioaccumulation of substance, a test organism such as Bluegill sunfi sh,
Daphnia magna, Fathead minnow, Rainbow trout, or other is selected. The test substance
is administered as a suspension directly into the water. A test organism is observed by a
specifi ed number of hours. If deleterious eff ects, due either to toxicity or pathogenicity are
observed, sequentially lower doses should be tested. The experiment should establish LC50
value for a particular substance and a test organism (LC50 is a dose required to kill 50 per-
cent of the test organisms).
F(cid:3458)(cid:3467)(cid:3468)(cid:3469) (cid:3450)(cid:3458)(cid:3453)
Emergency treatment administered to an injured or sick person before professional medical
care is available.
Databook of Curatives and Crosslinkers/Copyrights 2019; ChemTec Publishin g 7