Data Acquisition and Analysis for Multimedia GIS

421 Pages·1996·12.95 MB·English

by  L. Mussio

CISM COURSES AND LECTURES
Series Editors:
The Rectors of CISM
Sandor Kaliszky - Budapest
Mahir Sayir - Zurich
Wilhelm Schneider -Wien
The Secretary General of CISM
Giovanni Bianchi - Milan
Executive Editor
Carlo Tasso- Udine
The series presents lecture notes, monographs, edited works and
proceedings in the field of Mechanics, Engineering, Computer Science
and Applied Mathematics.
Purpose of the series is to make known in the international scientific
and technical community results obtained in some of the activities
organized by CISM, the International Centre for Mechanical Sciences.
INTERNATIONAL CENTRE FOR MECHANICAL SCIENCES
COURSES AND LECTURES -No. 365
DATA ACQUISITION AND ANALYSIS
FOR MULTIMEDIA GIS
EDITBY
L. MUSSIO
POLYTECHNIC OF MILAN
G.FORLANI
POLYTECHNIC OF MILAN
F. CROSILLA
UNIVERSITY OF UDINE
~ Springer-Verlag Wien GmbH
Le spese di stampa di questo volume sono in parte coperte da
contributi de! Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche.
This volume contains 207 illustrations
This work is subject to copyright.
Ali rights are reserved,
whether the whole or part of the material is concerned
specifically those of translation, reprinting, re-use of illustrations,
broadcasting, reproduction by photocopying machine
or similar means, and storage in data banks.
© 1996 by Springer-Verlag Wien
Original1y pub1ished by Springer-Verlag Wien New York in 1996
In order to make this volume available as economically and as
rapidly as possible the authors' typescripts have been
reproduced in their original forrns. This method unfortunately
has its typographical limitations but it is hoped that they in no
way distract the reader.
ISBN 978-3-211-82806-9 ISBN 978-3-7091-2684-4 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-7091-2684-4
PREFACE
The International Centre for Mechanical Sciences hosted from 12 to 16 June
1995 the Workshop on "Multimedia GIS Data" organized by the Technical
Commission One of the International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote
Sensing. On that occasion a tutorial on "Spatial Data Analysis: Theory and
Algorithms" was also organized by the Working Group III/IV of the same
Society.
The book contains the proceedings of both events and is made up of 27 papers,
presented in 1O technical sessions of the workshop, on different fields of
application, and 4 more papers given by invited speakers at the one-day tutorial.
The papers reported in the book and presented at the workshop can be ideally
collected in five main chapters. In the first one, that can be defined "guidance
and navigation ", some experiences on data acquisition with low cost DGPS for
road survey and an overview on Vehicle Navigation Systems (VNS) are shown.
An original method for a mobile robot to explore an unknown environment is
also reported.
The second chapter on "GIS data acquisition and evaluation" collects a sort of
papers treating robust statistica/ techniques applied to preprocessing, analysis
and te sting for dif.ferent kinds of GIS data.
Within the topic on "image acquisition and preprocessing" in particular some
experiences on test and calibration of different scanners for GIS data
acquisition are reported as well as some original approaches to the automatic
DTM generation for cartographic and close range applications.
Finally some applications to the environmental monitoring and to the use of
different kinds of geodetic data in multipurpose regional GIS, together with
some examples of the applicability of multimedia technology to architecture and
civil engineering are shown.
The most important aspects emerging from the workshop are perhaps the
following:
- data acquisition and update need to be automated to the highest level, not
only for object geometry reconstruction (which is anyway not trivial in many
applications to architecture) but also for abject classification;
- data quality and data currency evaluation is also crucial if the GIS is to
provide meaningful information: te sting strateg ies have been presented for
geometric data, but something equivalent is needed also for thematic data;
- multimedia integration is at present rather limited, being applied mainly to
help users getting into the system or in applications like describing historical
buildings, where a combination of sound and images becomes very effective.
Futhermore the book contains the 4 presentations given at the one-day tutorial.
The gaal was to highlight the current status on the conceptual aspects in
designing GIS. In particular the problems of mode ling and organizing data in
structures, the processing techniques of GIS data for queries to the system and
the so called Dynamic GIS have been reported in detail. In addition a lecture on
Computer Graphics principles is enclosed, intended to grasp an impression of
what's behind the graphics tools which are of great relevance, at least from the
user interface side, also to GIS.
F. Crosilla
G. Forlani
WELCOME ADDRESS
It is always my pleasure to visit Italy and particularly to welcome attendees to
an ISPRS sponsored event, I am very glad to have this opportunity to
participate on behalf of the ISPRS Council in this ISPRS Commission I,
Working group III/4 Tutorial on "Multimedia GIS Data."
This is a very timely Tutorial. Around us all, we Jind the technology and science
of our disciplines trending toward aU-digital: Digital Systems, Digital
Processing and Digital Applications. A vanguard of this new environment is the
emergence of many new ventures in commercial digital imaging from space and
the value-added industries it will be spawning in its wake. We no longer are just
serving the mapping industry, but rather we are placing our skills and ingenuity
toward applications which will be greatly enhanced by our inherent knowledge
for extracting and presenting semantic information. Multimedia is needed for
working with the data and for spatial information presentation to the users.
Photogrammetry benefits from the semantic information embedded in digital
multispectral images. Remote sensing, benefits from the metric quality inherent
in digital photogrammetry. It is clear that the aU-digital future will rely on both
photogrammetric and remote sensing techniques. The success of the
burgeoning geo-spatial information industry is totally dependent on our
knowledge and skills. The specialists in this room and tutorial conveyors of
advancements and innovations in our disciplines are positioning us all to meet
the challenges of the future. I am sure that we all will be somewhat better
equipped to address the needs of Society as a result of this Tutorial.
In closing, allow me to tell you that at our ISPRS Council Meetings in Vienna
last week we discussed intently the future of our disciplines. It is very rewarding
for ISPRS Council to note that Italy continues to lead in our disciplines and has
signified its support by upgrading its category of leadership at the next ISPRS
Congress in Vienna, July I 996. I am happy that I have the present opportunity
to thank the Italian Society represented here by its President, Praf Selvini and
my dear friend of many years, Praf Riccardo Galetto. It is an honour to be
here with them and you all today.
L. W. Fritz
ISPRS Secretary General
FOREWORD
First of alllet me thank the Academic Authorities of the Udine University and
CISM (International Center for Mechanical Sciences) who have hosted this
Workshop and supported it. Furthermore I want to say a special thanks to my
colleague and friend, Prof F. Crosilla, who has spent a lot of time to organize
this Workshop very very well.
Regarding the Workshop, it will receive, inform of a Tutorial on Spatial Data
Analysis: Theory and Algorithms, the contribution of WG III/4 and, for this
reason, the Workshop has became an official intercommission activity. The
Workshop on Multimedia GIS Data covers ali topics ofthe Commission and its
WG's and wants to be the fast appointment for people interested in Commission
I activities.
Finally, I must thank very much the convenor Prof R. Galetto, the Secretary
General of the ISPRS Dr. L. Fritz and the President of the SIFET (Italian
Society for Surveying and Photogrammetry) Prof A. Selvini, who have
authoritatively opened the Workshop, and the secretary of TC I Prof G.
Forlani, who has been also the scientific supervisor ofthis Workshop.
Furthennore, I want to thank the lecturers and the chainnen of the session, who
have actively contributed to fill in the Workshop of contents, suitably combining
both scientific and technical aspects and proving that theory and applications
should grow together. Last but not least, I thank all participants to this
Workshop, for their active and qualified participation.
An additional comment can be done near to the end of the 1992-96 period,
remarking that the participation in TC I has been increased offering many
opportunities to exchange important experiences by means of the cooperating
WG's. Therefore TC I is nota small, isolated and, maybe, useless Commission,
but it plays an important role among several Technical Commissions
increasing their cooperation and emphasizing the topics of primary data
acquisition and evaluation. The philosophy of this opinion is that "cooperation"
is better than "competition" and assures bigger and more stable advantages.
L. Mussio
CONTENTS
Page
Preface
Multimedia Technology: A New Opportunity for GISs lmprovement
by R. Galletto and A. Spalla ............................................................................... 1
"Quality Project" in Survey Applications
by G. Bezoari and F. Guzzetti ............................................................................ 9
Road Survey for GIS by Means of Low Cost DGPS/DR
by R. Cefalo, G. Manzoni and G. Skerl ............................................................ 21
Digital Road Maps and Path Optimization Applied to
Vehicle Navigation Systems
by M. Wieser ..................................................................................................... 35
Maintaining Consistent Geographic Description of the
Environment of an Autonomous Mobile Robot
by G. Borghi and D. Brugali ........................................................................... 47
Robust Techniques for Data Preprocessing
by M.A. Brovelli, F. Migliaccio, L. Mussio and O. Sharif ................................ 59
A Package for the Management of Data Quality in
Geographic Information Systems
by G. Pillirone and D. Visintini ........................................................................ 77
Pattern Recognition in Digital Cartography and GIS
by V. Casella ..................................................................................................... 87
Data Archiving by Clusters and Graphs
by T. Bellone, L. Mussio and C. Nardinocchi .................................................. 99
Digital lmages in Support of Historical Building Data Bases
by M. Barbarella and M. Fiani ...................................................................... 10 7
GIS Georeferencing by GPS
by G. Bitelli and A. Pellegrinelli ..................................................................... 127
Test and Calibration of a DTP Scanner for GIS Data Acquisition
by E.P. Baltsavias and M. Crosetto ............................................................... 141
Geometric and Radiometric Calibration for
Low Cost Flatbed Scanners for Photogrammetric Applications
by P. Boccardo, A. Lingua and F. Rinaudo ................................................... 151
Restoration and V alidation of Image Data
by T. Bellone, B. Crippa and L. Mussio ......................................................... 161
Automatic DEM Generation from Discrete Points in Multiple Images
by H-G. Maas ................................................................................................. 187
X-Ray Dose Reduction in Computerized Tomography by
Using Wavelet Transform
by D. Belluzzo, 1. Raggio and S. Tarantola ................................................... 197
DEM and Orthophoto Generation in Close Range Photogrammetry
by G. Forlani and E.S. Malinvemi ................................................................. 207
Matching and Mapping of Stars in Star ( talogues
by B. Bucciarelli, M.G. Lattanzi and T. Bellone ............................................ 223
A Quick Look on the Sea Surface Topography of the
Mediterranean from the Geomed Geoid and the ERS 1 Geodetic Mission
by B. Crippa and F. Sansa ............................................................................. 237
Geodetic Data in a Multipurpose Regional GIS
by F. Radicioni and A. Stoppini ...................................................................... 247
The Etnean Geomorphological and Geophysical Data Base
by V. Barrile and R. Barzaghi ....................................................................... 259
The Use of GPS Database in Control Networks
by D. Domin ici, F. Radicioni, A. Stoppini and M. Unguendoli ...................... 281
GRID: A Geographic Raster Image Database to
Support Fire Risk Evaluation in MediteiTanean Environment
by P. Carrara, P. Madella, A. Miuccio and A. Rampini ................................ 289
Multimedia in Monuments Manipulation
by A.D. Styliadis ............................................................................................. 301
The Behaviour ofthe Leaning Tower of Pisa in the Period 1993-1995
by A. Col ombo, A. Giussani and G. Vas sena ................................................. 315
Examples of Architectural Databases
by L. Colombo, G. Fangi and G. Tucci .......................................................... 329
The Leaning Tower of Pisa: Kinematic Levelling of the
Foundation Plane in the Period 1993-1994
by A. Colombo, C. Monti and G. Vassena ...................................................... 341
PROCEEDING OF THE ISPRS WG 11114 TUTORIAL ON
"Spatial Data Analysis Theory and Algorithms" ........................................... 357
Data Stmctures and Data Models in GIS
by N. Bartebne ................................................................................................ 359
Classification of Spatial Data Analysis Tools
by R. van Lammeren and A. van der Meer ..................................................... 377
Spatio-Temporal Databases: From Moving to Active Geographic Objects
by R. Laurini .................................................................................................. 393
Computer Graphics -Principles and Practice
by T. Ertl ........................................................................................................ 411