Crop Systems Dynamics: An ecophysiological simulation model for genotype-by-environment interactions

169 Pages·2005·1.728 MB·English

by  Xinyou Yin, H.H. van Laar

Crop
Systems
Dynamics
An ecophysiological simulation model for
genotype-by-environment interactions
HHHuuummmiiidddiiitttyyy DDDaaayyyllleeennngggttthhh SSSooolllaaarrr rrraaadddiiiaaatttiiiooonnn
WWWiiinnnddd ssspppeeeeeeddd TTTeeemmmpppeeerrraaatttuuurrreee CCCOOO222
PPPooottteeennntttiiiaaalll
tttrrraaannnssspppiiirrraaatttiiiooonnn
HHH222OOO PPPPhhhhoooottttoooossssyyyynnnntttthhhheeeessssiiiissss LLLAAAIII
11 HH++
PPSSIIII SSSeeennneee---
PPllaassttooqquuJJii22nnoonnee CCC aaassssssiiimmmiiilllaaattteeesss GGGGrrrroooowwwwtttthhhh RRRoooooottt///ssshhhoooooottt EEExxxpppaaannnsssiiiooonnn sssccceeennnccceee
11 HH++ CCyytt11oo-ccffhhQQrroommeeffQQbb66 ff 22 HH++ RRRReeeessssppppiiiirrrraaaattttiiiioooonnnn aaaccctttiiivvviiitttyyy
PPllaassttooccyyaanniinn ffccyycc RRRooooootttsss LLLeeeaaafff NNN
DDDDeeeevvvveeeelllloooopppp---- PPPaaarrrtttiii--- LLLeeeaaavvveeesss
PPSSII mmmmeeeennnnttttrrrraaaatttteeee tttiiiooonnniiinnnggg
JJ11 SSShhhooooootttsss SSSttteeemmmsss
FFeerrrreeddooxxiinn DDDeeevvveeellloooppp--- RRRReeeemmmmoooobbbbiiiilllliiiizzzzaaaattttiiiioooonnnn
11-ffccyycc-ffppsseeuuddoo ffppsseeuuddoo mmmeeennntttssstttaaagggeee NNN aaassssssiiimmmiiilllaaattteeesss NNN SSSeeeeeedddsss
uuussseee PPPaaarrrtttiii---
1/2 NADPH NNNAAADDDPPP+++ ee..gg.. OO22 tttrrraaannnAAAssscccppptttuuuiiirrraaaaaallltttiiiooonnn NNN uuuppptttaaakkkeee NNN dddeeemmmaaannnddd tttiiiooonnniiinnnggg
SSSiiinnnkkk
ssstttrrreeennngggttthhh
NNN fffiiixxxaaatttiiiooonnn
SSooiill wwaatteerr SSooiill NN
Xinyou Yin
H.H. van Laar
Crop Systems Dynamics

Crop
Systems
Dynamics
An ecophysiological simulation model for
genotype-by-environment interactions
Xinyou Yin
H.H. van Laar
WWaaggeenniinnggeenn AAccaaddeemmiicc
PPPP uuuu bbbbb llll iiii ssssss hhhh eeeeee rrrr ssssss
This work is subject to copyright. All rights
are reserved, whether the whole or part of
the material is concerned. Nothing from
this publication may be translated,
reproduced, stored in a computerised
Subject headings: system or published in any form or in any
Crop physiology manner, including electronic, mechanical,
Genotype-by-Environment interactions reprographic or photographic, without prior
Modelling written permission from the publisher,
Wageningen Academic Publishers, P.O. Box
220, 6700 AE Wageningen, the Netherlands,
ISBN: 978-90-76998-55-8 www.WageningenAcademic.com
e-ISBN: 978-90-8686-539-0
DOI: 10.3920/978-90-8686-539-0 The individual contributions in this
publication and any liabilities arising from
them remain the responsibility of the
First published, 2005 authors.
The publisher is not responsible for possible
© Wageningen Academic Publishers damages, wich could be a result of content
The Netherlands, 2005 derived from this publication.

Contents

Preface

1 Introduction 1
Brief summary of existing models 1
The need for improved crop growth simulation models 3
Towards improved model algorithms and structure 4
Towards improved model input parameters 5
The crop growth simulation model – GECROS 6
Reader’s guide 8

2 Photosynthesis and transpiration 9
Potential leaf photosynthesis 9
Potential leaf transpiration and its coupling with potential photosynthesis 11
Actual leaf transpiration and photosynthesis if water stress occurs 14
Spatial integration 14
Temporal integration 18

3 Respiration 20
Growth respiration 20
Respiration for symbiotic di-nitrogen (N ) fixation 21
2
Respiration for ammonium-nitrogen uptake 21
Respiration for nitrate uptake and reduction 21
Respiration for uptake of other ions 22
Respiration for phloem loading 22
Other, less quantifiable respiration components 22

4 Nitrogen assimilation 24
Nitrogen demand 24
Nitrogen fixation 27
Nitrogen uptake 27

5 Assimilate partitioning and reserve dynamics 28
Partitioning between root and shoot 28
Within-shoot carbon partitioning 29
Carbon reserves and their remobilization 31
Within-shoot nitrogen partitioning 32

6 Crop morphology, senescence, and crop phenology 34
Leaf area index 34
Leaf senescence 35
Root senescence 38
Plant height 39
Root depth 39
Phenological development 40

7 Input requirements and model implementation in FST 43
Initialization and biophysical inputs 43
Model constants 43
Crop-specific parameters 44
Intra-crop genotypic-specific parameters 46
Crop carbon and nitrogen balance check 48
Model evaluation 49
Model application 50
Model implementation in FST 51
Making your first run of GECROS 54

References 55

Appendices 65
Appendix A Summary of equations related to the leaf photosynthesis model 67
Appendix B Calculations of input variables of Eqn (2): r, r , r , and R 71
t bh bw n
Appendix C Derivation of Eqn (9) 72
Appendix D Solar elevation, daylength, and direct and diffuse solar radiation 73
Appendix E Canopy extinction and reflection coefficients 75
Appendix F Derivations of Eqns (15a-c) 77
Appendix G Derivation of Eqns (16a-c) 78
Appendix H Time course of solar radiation and air temperature 79
Appendix I Derivation of Eqn (22) 80
Appendix J Derivation of Eqn (45) 82
Appendix K Derivation of Eqn (46) 83
Appendix L List of symbols (with units) used in the text 84
Appendix M The example soil simulation model 91
Appendix N Listing of the FST program for the model 98
Appendix O List of variables used in the model program 127
The CROP part (the GECROS model) 127
The part for the example soil model 141
Appendix P A sample weather data file 145
Appendix Q Simulation outputs using the sample weather data 147

Index 151