Table Of ContentFORENSICS AND CRIMINAL JUSTICE Territo
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Criminal Investigation Glover
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of Sex Trafficking in America
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“ … this is an outstanding practical overview of human trafficking and a must for
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those beginning in that field as one of the books that integrates the needs of many into n
one. … clear, concise, practical in use, practitioner-friendly.” a
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—Kim Derry, Retired Deputy Chief of Police, Toronto Police I
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Chair of FBINAA World-Wide Human Trafficking Coordination Center Initiative
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Co-Chair of the International Police Training Center (IPTI), Budapest, Hungary
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“Absolutely appropriate for anyone wanting to understand and make a difference i
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in combating this modern-day slavery! ... Very well researched, a must-read for
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investigators … a very thorough covering of the topic.” t
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—Dave Malone, Senior Law Enforcement Education Coordinator
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American Military University-Midwest
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“Excellent! The material is current, relevant, and informative to the public and to the
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various personnel who engage in human trafficking rescue operations. … the only
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book that sex-trafficking investigators will need to keep on their desk.” x
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—Lt. George Koder, Retired
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Clearwater Police Department, Florida
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“Dr. Leonard Territo and Professor Nataliya Glover have rigorously researched
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and investigated the billion-dollar industry of sex trafficking in the United States. k
An informative, eye-opening textbook, Criminal Investigation of Sex Trafficking i
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in America exposes the horrors of sex-trafficking crimes that occur in large cities g
and small towns throughout the U.S. … A one-of-a-kind book for criminal justice
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educators, law enforcement professionals, judges, prosecutors, and a must-read and n
study for every new police recruit and criminal investigator.” A
—Thomas Gillan, CLET, CSTS, CLC, Executive Director m
The National Institute for Human Trafficking Research and Training, Orlando, Florida
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K15306
ISBN: 978-1-4665-5422-1
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“…in my 36 years in law enforcement fields (chief of police, retired) and
now, working with American Military University as a senior law enforce-
ment coordinator, I believe this book should be required reading for
anyone working on human trafficking crimes or working to combat this
modern day slavery. The book provides a clear understanding of how this
crime occurs and entraps its victims that has not been clearly understood
before now.”
Dave Malone
Senior Law Enforcement Education Coordinator,
American Military University-Midwest
Excellent!! “Criminal Investigations of Sex Trafficking in America is the
only textbook that I am aware of that is a comprehensive collection of sex
trafficking information and investigative techniques that will assist law
enforcement investigators. Criminal Investigations of Sex Trafficking in
America is the only book that sex trafficking investigators will need to
keep on their desk. Professors of criminal justice will certainly appreciate
such a comprehensive textbook that includes the necessary information
and resources to teach within the university environment. I wish I had
this textbook to use when I was the commander of a human trafficking
task force.”
George Koder
Former Lt.
“I would consider this as a valuable tool for those engaged in human traf-
ficking investigations and training. The book provides the necessary mate-
rial needed to effectively set out for practitioners directions and processes
for effective detection, knowledge and prosecution. It also provides the
same for NGOs to learn and develop their processes and protocols that
intersect with law enforcement.”
Kim Derry
Retired Deputy Chief of Police, Toronto Police, Chair of FBINAA
World-Wide Human Trafficking Coordination Center Initiative,
Co-Chair of the International Police Training Center (IPTI),
Budapest, Hungary
Criminal
Investigation
of Sex Trafficking
in America
Leonard Territo
Saint Leo University
Nataliya Glover
Saint Leo University
Boca Raton London New York
CRC Press is an imprint of the
Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300
Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
© 2014 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business
No claim to original U.S. Government works
Version Date: 20140109
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4665-5432-0 (eBook - PDF)
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Dedication
For my wife, Elena, the kindest and sweetest woman I have
ever known, and our children, Lorraine, Kseniya, and Ilia,
and our grandchildren, Matthew, Branden, and Alexander.
Leonard Territo
For my late husband, Barry, who inspired me to become
who I am now, and my daughter, Anastasia, who gave me
the strength and reason to live and fight; for my parents,
Tatyana and Vladimir, who loved and supported me
every step of the way, and my mentor, Larissa Nossova,
who changed my life forever and showed me the way.
Nataliya Glover
© 2010 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Contents
Preface ...............................................................................xvii
Acknowledgments...........................................................xxiii
About the Authors .........................................................xxvii
Chapter 1: Introduction to Sex Trafficking in
America: A Current and Historical Overview ...............1
Chapter Objectives
Introduction
Definition and Identification
Looking for Sex-Trafficking Crimes
The Differences between Trafficking and Smuggling
Factors Contributing to International Sex Trafficking
Why the Supply of Victims Is Seemingly Endless
Sex Trafficking as a Criminal Continuum
Why Sex-Trafficking Victims Are Often
“Invisible” in the United States
The Trafficking Victims Protection Act to the Rescue
Modern Day Sex-Trafficking Operation
A Brief History of Sex Trafficking in Early 20th Century America
Training for Law Enforcement Officers
What the Reader Can Expect to Learn from This Book
Glossary
Review Questions
Endnotes
Chapter 2: Legal Aspects of Sex Trafficking in
America .................................................................................29
Chapter Objectives
Introduction
The Mann Act
The Differences between the Most Current Sex
Trafficking Acts Passed by Congress and the Mann Act
The Travel Act
Creation of Special Status Visas
T Nonimmigrant Status Visa
Continued Presence
U Nonimmigrant Status
Cooperation with Law Enforcement Needed for a U Visa
© 2010 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC vii
viii Contents
Trafficking Victims Protection Act 2000
The Tier System
Elements of the Tier Ranking System
Tier 1 Countries
Tier 2 Countries
Tier 3 Countries
Trafficking Victims Protection
Reauthorization Act of 2003 (TVPRA)
Trafficking Victims Protection Reauthorization Act of 2005
William Wilberforce Trafficking Victims
Protection Reauthorization Act of 2008
Preventing Trafficking to the United States
Measures to Address Trafficking in the United States
Federal Laws Related to Domestic Minor Sex Trafficking
U.S. Code—Section 2251: Sexual Exploitation of Children
U.S. Code—Section 2422: Coercion and Enticement
U.S. Code—Section 2423: Transportation of Minors
The Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (RICO)
RICO as a Tool to Combat Sex Trafficking by Organized Crime
Harsher Penalties under RICO
Asset Forfeiture and RICO Violations
Money Laundering of Sex-Trafficking Profits
Elements Needed to Pursue Money Laundering Charges
International Movement of Money
Reverse Sting Operation
The Money Spending Statute
Specific Investigative Suggestions for Making an Asset Trace
Conspiracy as a Separate Charge
States That Have Sex-Trafficking Laws
State Statutes Dealing with the Commercial
Exploitation of Children or Prostitution of Children
Colorado
District of Columbia (D.C.)
Delaware
Illinois
Louisiana
Nebraska
Washington
Wisconsin
States along the U.S. Southern Border with
State Statues Dealing with the Commercial
Exploitation of Both Adults and Children
Arizona
California
New Mexico
Texas
© 2010 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Contents ix
Glossary
Review Questions
Endnotes
Chapter 3: Domestic Sex Trafficking of American
Children ................................................................................89
Chapter Objectives
Introduction
Nature and Scope of the Problem
The Demographics of Sexually Exploited Children
Precipitating Factors Affecting Why Children
Become Involved in Prostitution
Various Factors That Leave Youth Vulnerable to Traffickers
Running Away from Home
Survival Sex
Early Childhood Abuse and Neglect
Familial Trafficking
Drug- Addicted Parents
Psychological and Emotional Difficulties
Importance of Understanding Psychological
Variations in Sex-Trafficking Victims
Mental Health Symptoms
Dissociation as a Defense Mechanism
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Sex-Trafficking Victims
Symptoms of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
The Stockholm Syndrome (Trauma Bonding)
A Complex Reaction
Causes and Symptoms
Other Psychological Disorders that Sex-Trafficking
Victims Can Experience
Physical Effects of Sex Trafficking on Victims
Measures to Identify and Protect Sex-Trafficking Victims
Recruitment and Pimp Control
Initial Approach by the Pimp
Seasoning Techniques and Tactics of Power and Control
The Recruitment and Grooming Process
The Bottom Bitch/ Girl
Use of Pornography as a Means of Control
Use of Manipulation
Use of Social Science by Pimps in the Manipulation Process
Sex for Drugs
Gang Activity in Sex-Trafficking Operations
How to Combat Street Gangs Involved in Sex Trafficking
Shelters and Services for Domestically Trafficked Minors
Lack of Protective Shelters
There Is a Lack of Specialized Services Geared toward
the Unique Needs of Domestic Minor Sex-Trafficking Victims
© 2010 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
