Cranial Neuroimaging and Clinical Neuroanatomy. Atlas of MR Imaging and Computed Tomography

527 Pages·2019·139.19 MB·English

by  Heinrich Lanfermann, Peter Raab, Hans-Joachim Kretschmann, Wolfgang Weinrich

Cranial Neuroimaging and Clinical
Neuroanatomy
Atlas of MR Imaging and Computed Tomography
Fourth Edition
Heinrich Lanfermann, MD
Professor and Director
Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology
Hannover Medical School
Hannover, Germany
Peter Raab, MD
Senior Staff, Head of Neuroradiological Oncologic Imaging
Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology
Hannover Medical School
Hannover, Germany
Hans-Joachim Kretschmann, MD
Professor and former Director
Department of Neuroanatomy
Hannover Medical School
Hannover, Germany
Wolfgang Weinrich, MD
Professor and former Head
Neurological Clinic
Nordstadt Hospital
Hannover, Germany
930 illustrations
Thieme
Stuttgart • New York • Delhi • Rio de Janeiro
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Important note: Medicine is an ever-changing science un-
Names: Lanfermann, Heinrich, author. | Raab, Peter, author. | dergoing continual development. Research and clinical ex-
Kretschmann, Hans-Joachim, author. | Weinrich, Wolfgang, perience are continually expanding our knowledge, in par-
author. | Preceded by (work): Kretschmann, Hans-Joachim. ticular our knowledge of proper treatment and drug therapy.
Cranial neuroimaging and clinical neuroanatomy. Insofar as this book mentions any dosage or application, rea-
ders may rest assured that the authors, editors, and publis-
Title: Cranial neuroimaging and clinical neuroanatomy:
hers have made every effort to ensure that such references
atlas of MR imaging and computed tomography / Heinrich
are in accordance with the state of knowledge at the time
Lanfermann, Peter Raab, Hans-Joachim Kretschmann,
of production of the book.
Wolfgang Weinrich.
Nevertheless, this does not involve, imply, or express any
Other titles: Klinische Neuroanatomie, kranielle MRT und CT. guarantee or responsibility on the part of the publishers in
English | Atlas of MR imaging and computed tomography respect to any dosage instructions and forms of applications
Description: Fourth edition. | Stuttgart ; New York : Thieme, stated in the book. Every user is requested to examine
[2019] | Preceded by Cranial neuroimaging and clinical carefully the manufacturers’ leaflets accompanying each drug
neuroanatomy / Hans-Joachim Kretschmann, Wolfgang and to check, if necessary in consultation with a physician or
Weinrich. 3rd ed., rev. and expanded. c2004. | Includes specialist, whether the dosage schedules mentioned therein or
bibliographical references and index. | the contraindications stated by the manufacturers differ from
the statements made in the present book. Such examination is
Identifiers: LCCN 2018054037 (print) | LCCN 2018055899
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(ebook) | ISBN 9783132418172 () | ISBN 9783136726044
or have been newly released in the market. Every dosage sche-
(alk. paper)
dule or every form of application used is entirely at the user’s
Subjects: | MESH: Brain Diseases—diagnostic imaging |
own risk and responsibility. The authors and publishers re-
Brain–diagnostic imaging | Magnetic Resonance Imaging |
quest every user to report to the publishers any discrepancies
Radiography | Tomography, X-Ray Computed |
or inaccuracies noticed. If errors in this work are found after
Neuroimaging | Atlases
publication, errata will be posted at www.thieme.com on the
Classification: LCC QM455 (ebook) | LCC QM455 (print) | NLM product description page.
WL 17 | DDC 611/.810222—dc23 Some of the product names, patents, and registered designs
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018054037 referred to in this book are in fact registered trademarks or pro-
prietary names even though specific reference to this fact is not
This book is an authorized translation of the 4th German edi- always made in the text. Therefore, the appearance of a name
tion published and copyrighted 2015 by Georg Thieme Verlag, without designation as proprietary is not to be construed as a
Stuttgart. Title of the German edition: Klinische representation by the publisher that it is in the public domain.
Neuroanatomie – kranielle MRT und CT
Translator: Renee Kulkarni, New Delhi, India.
Illustrators: Ingeborg Heike, Isernhagen, Germany.
Dr. Rudolf Mutschall, Hatten, Germany.
Barbara Gay, Bremen, Germany.
Dr. Peter Raab, Hannover, Germany
1st Italian edition 1989
3rd Japanese edition 2008
1st Portuguese edition 2007 (Brazil)
1st Spanish edition 1988
© 2019 Georg Thieme Verlag KG
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Contents
Preface ........................................................................................... vii
Preface to the Third edition ................................................................ viii
Acknowledgments to the Third edition ................................................ ix
Contributors ................................................................................... x
Abbreviations .................................................................................. xi
Part I Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.1 Aims and Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.4 Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.2 3D Coordinate Systems for Localization 1.5 Information for Users . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
of Brain Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.3 Intravital and Postmortem
Neuroanatomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2 Tomography and Landmarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.1 Computed Tomography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 2.4 Clinical Significance of Computer
and Magnetic Resonance
2.2 Magnetic Resonance Imaging . . . . . . . . . 11 Tomography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.3 Landmarks of Cross-sectional
Imaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Part II Atlas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3 Coronal Sections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
4 Sagittal Sections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
5 Transverse Sections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
6 Brainstem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
Part III Topography of the Head and Neck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
7 Topography of the Cranium, Intracranial Spaces, and
Contained Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
7.1 Cranial Vault . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224 7.5 Cerebral Veins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
7.2 Cranial Cavity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236 7.6 Cranial Nerves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296
7.3 Intracerebral CSF Spaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237 7.7 Subdivisions of the Brain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
7.4 Cerebral Arteries and their 7.8 Brain Maturation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346
Vascular Territories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
v
8 Facial Topography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357
8.1 Facial Bones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351 8.4 Oral Cavity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364
8.2 Nasal Cavity and Paranasal Sinuses . . . . . 358 8.5 Masticatory Apparatus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366
8.3 Orbit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360 8.6 Lateral Facial Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366
9 Topography of the Head–Neck Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369
9.1 Pharynx and Parapharyngeal 9.3 Vessels of the Head–Neck Region . . . . . . 373
Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369
9.2 Craniocervical Junction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370
Part Iv Nervous System—Neurofunctional Systems and
Neuroactive Substances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377
10 Neurofunctional Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379
10.1 Sensory Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380 10.8 Motor Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 430
10.2 Gustatory System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400 10.9 Cerebellar Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 450
10.3 Ascending Reticular System . . . . . . . . . . . . 400 10.10 Speech Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 458
10.4 Vestibular System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403 10.11 Limbic System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 462
10.5 Auditory System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409 10.12 Autonomic Nervous System . . . . . . . . . . . . 470
10.6 Visual System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416 10.13 Neuronal Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 472
10.7 Olfactory System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427
11 Neurotransmitters and Neuromodulators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483
11.1 Catecholaminergic Neurons . . . . . . . . . . . . 483 11.5 GABAergic Neurons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 486
11.2 Serotoninergic Neurons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485 11.6 Glutamatergic and Aspartatergic
Neurons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487
11.3 Histaminergic Neurons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485
11.7 Peptidergic Neurons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487
11.4 Cholinergic Neurons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 486
Part V Appendix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 489
12 Specimens and Technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 491
13 Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 495
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 509
vi
Preface
Is it possible to reinvent a “classic”? This is the ques- We would like to thank our colleagues of the Insti-
tion we asked ourselves when Prof. Kretschmann and tute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology,
Prof. Weinrich asked us to produce a new edition of Hannover Medical School, who motivated and assisted
this book. us, especially Dr. Paulo Roberto Dellani for the computa-
This is our answer: Judicious advancements and tion and creation of fractional anisotropy graphics. The
meaningful additions have been made, new chapters computation of quantitative susceptibility mapping was
on brain maturation and the petrous part of the tem- possible thanks to the generous cooperation of T. Liu,
poral bone have been included, while existing sections PhD, Cornell University, New York.
on cranial vessels and “neurofunctional systems” have We would also like to thank all those involved at
been elaborated on. It was also essential to adapt axial Thieme Publishers, especially Dr. Christian U rbanowicz,
sections to conventional CT angulation sparing the Susanne Huiss, MA, Ms. Martina Dörsam, and Ms. Anja
orbits. The numbering of anatomical structures in the Jahn, as well as the editor Dr. Doris Kliem and the
new illustrations was standardized for each double- graphic designer Ms. Barbara Gay for their exceptional
sided page to allow rapid orientation. Descriptions contributions.
of the development of cross-sectional imaging have The fourth English edition was greatly supported by
been trimmed, since extremely diverse products are Mr. Stephan Konnry, Mrs. Gabriele Kuhn- Giovannini,
currently made by manufacturers of large equipment, Ms. Joanne Stead, Ms. Sarah Winters, Mr. Rohit Dev
the comprehensive evaluation of which is beyond the Bharadwaj, and Ms. Apoorva Goel (all at Thieme
scope of this book. It is up to the reader to imagine the Publishers), as well as by Dr. Renee Kulkami, MD, who
huge effort that went into this new edition: The detailed was responsible for the translation.
illustrations created by Prof. Kretschmann and Prof. We would like to express our sincere gratitude to all
Weinrich are based on the analogous transfer of anato- of those who contributed to this fourth English edition.
mical cranial sections to high-resolution graphics.
This new edition with Thieme Publishers paves the
way for a digital future. This was complex, but ultimately Heinrich Lanfermann, MD
indispensable for access via the Internet. In addition, this Peter Raab, MD
required a change in the manner in which illustrations Hans-Joachim Kretschmann, MD
were referenced. Wolfgang Weinrich, MD
vii
Preface to the Third Edition
Our book Neuroanatomy and Cranial Computed For the third edition, the old MR and CT images of the
Tomography first appeared in 1984. At that time atlas have been completely replaced with large-sized
computed tomography revolutionized the field of illustrations, and the number of images has almost doubled.
medicine, particularly neurology and neurosurgery. Therefore, the amount of cerebral structures described has
The purpose of the illustrations and text of our book increased considerably. In addition, friends of the former
was to provide necessary neuroanatomic information editions encouraged us to introduce the arterial territories
using images of anatomic slices. Our aim was to of the infratentorial space. Nevertheless, this book is inten-
enable the reader to identify the complex structure ded as a tool for everyday practice. It aids the physician to
of the brain on the monitor for diagnostic purposes to correlate the patient’s symptoms with the neuroimaging
correlate the loss of function with the localization of findings. This information considerably facilitates diagnosis
the cerebral lesion. and can be of great importance for the choice of therapy.
The technique of magnetic resonance imaging per- The target readership includes neurologists, neurosurgeons,
mitted multiplanar presentations in all desired planes. neuropediatricians, neurophysiologists, anatomists, phy-
The second edition, published in 1992 under a new title sicians, traumatologists, oncologists, as well as students
Cranial Neuroimaging and Clinical Neuroanatomy, pre- interested in the neuro-oriented specialties and especially
sented graphic illustrations of anatomic slices in three physicians undergoing further training in clinical neurology.
standard planes.
viii
Acknowledgments to the Third Edition
We would like to thank all colleagues engaged in the introduced to us newly specialized technical concepts
closely associated departments at the Hannover Medical in the presentation of MR atlas images and was of tre-
School. Our grateful thanks especially to Prof. H. Becker, mendous support in our work. We dedicate our thanks
Department of Neuroradiology; Dr. G. Berding, Depart- as well to H. Mahramzadeh, Regionales Rechenzentrum
ment of Nuclear Medicine; Prof. K. Gartner, Central Niedersachsen, Hannover University for his practical as-
Laboratory for Animal Experimentation; Prof. Claudia sistance in the computergraphic processing of printed
Grothe, Department of Neuroanatomy; Prof. H. Lippert; copies.
Prof. R. Pabst; and Dr. U. Thorns, Department of Functio- Dr. Gabriele Engelcke, Department of Radiology,
nal and Applied Anatomy. Kinderkrankenhaus auf der Bult, Hannover and
Prof. M. Samii gave us the opportunity to work in the Dr. G. Glinzer together with Dr. R. Metz, Department of
recently opened International Neuroscience Institute Neurology, Agnes-Karll-Krankenhaus, Laatzen/Hannover
(INI) in Hannover. The MR and CT images appearing in were kind enough to assist us with recommended omis-
the third edition would not have been possible without sions and additions to the texts.
the help of Prof. U. Piepgras, Dr. T. Liebig, Dr. C. Dalle Translation of new chapters and amendments to
Feste (INI), Mrs. B. Gehrmann, Mrs. M. Houbolt, and the third edition were undertaken by Mrs. Nicola
Mrs. A. Hohensee. van Dornick. Dr. Angela Krönauer kindly checked
Prof. A. Schwartz and P. Brunotte of the Neurologi- the complete text for any further changes required.
cal Clinic, Nordstadt Krankenhaus, Klinikum Hannover For additional improvements we dedicate thanks to
were kind enough to give critical proposals and valuable Mrs. Susanne Kretschmann and Dr. Anja Schmidt. The
clinical suggestions for improvements to the text. Prof. responsibility for the translation rests with the author
Jean A. Buettner-Ennever from the Institute of Anatomy, (Dr. Kretschmann) only.
Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Munich was Following completion of the English manuscript we
most helpful in her comments relating to the vestibular were grateful for the improvements recommended by
and oculomotor systems. M.J. T. FitzGerald, MD, Professor Emeritus of Anatomy,
We would also like to express our thanks to the for- University of Galway, Ireland (author of the informa-
mer coworkers of the Department of Neuroanatomy, tive and awarded book Clinical Neuroanatomy and
Hannover Medical School, who presented excellent Related Neuroscience, Saunders 2002). For further im-
dissertations on three-dimensional reconstructions provements we thank Dr. V. Beckmann, Röttenbach;
of the functional systems and cerebral arteries: Dr. Louise McKenna, Siemens AG, Erlangen; Prof. Ruth
Dr. C. Buhmann, Dr. Andrea Gloger, Dr. S. Gloger, Dr. Anja G. Ramsey, MD, Medical Director Premier Health Ser-
Schmidt, Dr. Britta Vogt, Dr. H. Vogt, and Dr. D. Weirich. vices, Chicago; Dr. H. Requardt, Siemens AG; Erlangen;
The results of these papers have been mentioned in the and Prof. G. Vossius, Institute of Biomedical Technics,
text. The technical aspects of our work were supported University of Karlsruhe.
by Mrs. Nicola van Dornick, Mrs. Ingeborg Heike, and A big thank you is directed to our respective families
Mr. K. Rust. Dr. Anja Schmidt and Dr. C. Schrader pro- for all their patience and understanding during the com-
vided invaluable help in correcting the drafts of the pilation of the book, especially to Dr. Britta Kretschmann
manuscripts. Mrs. Claudia Loock, Mrs. Riem Hawi, and and Mrs. Frauke Weinrich.
Mrs. Zuleyha Demir dedicated many hours to reading Mr. G. Krüger, Production Director of Thieme
through the completed manuscripts for final corrections. Publishers has been a supervisory figure behind our
Expertise and clinical advice were imparted by Prof. book since 1984 and is responsible for the excellent di-
B. Terwey, Institute for Magnetic Resonance Diagnostics, dactic compilation and the make-up of our work. Last
Zentralklinikum Bremen; Dr. W. Ruempler, Radiolo- but not least, we would like to express our thanks to
gical, Oncological and Nuclear Practice, Stade; and by Dr. C. Bergman, Dr. T. Pilgrim, and Dr. O Schneider at
Dr. A. Majewski and R.-H. Prawitz, MRT-Practice, Thieme Publishers for their loyal cooperation in the pre-
Nordstadt Hannover. sentation of the text and illustrations of our book.
We appreciate the constructive ideas and advice
regarding fMRI given by Prof. J. Frahm, Max Planck Hans-Joachim Kretschmann
Institute, Göttingen. J. Graessner, Siemens Hamburg Wolfgang Weinrich
ix