Table Of ContentCoupling Processes in
the Lower and Middle Atmosphere
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Series C: Mathematical and Physical Sciences - Vol. 387
Coupling Processes in
the Lower and
Middle Atmosphere
edited by
Eivind V. Thrane
Norwegian Defence Research Establishment,
Division for Electronics,
Kjelier, Norway
Tom A. Blix
Norwegian Defence Research Establishment,
Division for Electronics,
Kjelier, Norway
and
David C. Fritts
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,
University of Colorado,
Boulder, Colorado, USA
Springer Science+Business Media, B.V.
Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on
Coupling Processes in the Lower and Middle Atmosphere
Loen, Norway
May 25-30,1992
ISBN 978-94-010-4694-7 ISBN 978-94-011-1594-0 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-94-011-1594-0
Printed on acid-free paper
All Rights Reserved
©1993 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 1993
Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 1993
No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or
utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photo
copying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written
permission from the copyright owner.
V
CONTENTS
PREFACE I X
LARGE-SCALE DYNAMIC S
ON GLOBAL QUASI-BIENNIAL OSCILLATIO N IN COLUMN OZONE
Ka Ki t Tung and Hu Yang 1
CIRCULATION DEDUCED FROM AEROSOL DATA AVERAGED BY
SEASON AN D PHASE OF THE QUASIBIENNIAL OSCILLATIO N
Matthew H . Hitchman, Megan A. McKay and Charles R. Trepte 2 5
INTRASEASONAL TROPICAL-EXTRA-TROPICAL INTERACTION S
OBSERVED IN THE STRATOSPHER E
Steven Pawson, Karin Labitzke, Barbara Naujokat, Risheng Wang
and Klaus Fraedrich 3 5
STRATOSPHERE-TROPOSPHERE AI R MASS EXCHANGE AND
CROSS-TROPOPAUSE FLUXE S OF OZONE
A. Ebel, H. Elbern and A. Oberreuter 4 9
PLANETARY WAVE S AND TIDE S
A NUMERICAL EXPERIMENT O N THE EVOLUTION OF A POLAR
VORTEX
Shigeo Yoden and Keiichi Ishioka 6 7
MODELING THE EFFECTS OF PLANETARY WAVE BREAKING IN
THE STRATOSPHER E
R.R. Garcia 7 7
PLANETARY WAVE COUPLING - OBSERVATIONS AND THEORY
Marvin A. Geller 9 5
LOW FREQUENC Y DYNAMIC S OF THE EQUATORIAL MESOSPHER E
R. A. Vincent 12 5
vi
CAUSES OF TIDAL VARIABILITY
F.Vial 13 7
TIDAL VARIABILITY STUDIES USING AN MF RADAR IN HAWAII
Joseph R. Isler and David C. Fritts 15 3
WHAT WE CAN LEARN FROM GENERAL CIRCULATION MODELS
ABOUT THE SPECTRUM OF MIDDLE-ATMOSPHERIC MOTION S
Kevin Hamilton 16 1
GRAVITY WAVES: SOURCES, SATURATION PROCESSES ,
SPECTRA AN D TRANSPORTS
CONVECTIVELY GENERATED STRATOSPHERIC GRAVITY WAVES:
THE ROLE OF MEAN WIND SHEAR
J. R. Holton and D. Durran 17 5
GRAVITY WAVE SOURCES VARIABILITY AND LOWER
AND MIDDLE ATMOSPHERE EFFECTS
David C. Fritts 19 1
NONLINEAR EVOLUTION OF AN UPWARD PROPAGATING GRAVITY
WAVE: A NUMERICAL CASE STUDY
R.Walterscheid and G.Schubert 20 9
NUMERICAL PROBLEMS IN GRAVITY WAVE SIMULATION
0.Andreassen 21 9
A CRITICAL COMPARISON OF THEORIES O F GRAVITY WAVE
SATURATION
C.O.Hines 23 3
LAGRANGIAN COORDINATES AND THEIR APPLICATION TO
GRAVITY WAVE SPECTRA
J.Weinstock 24 1
SPECTRAL ESTIMATES OF GRAVITY WAVE ENERGY AND
MOMENTUM FLUXE S
Thomas E. vanZandt and David C. Fritts 26 1
TURBULENCE AN D SMALL-SCALE PROCESSE S
WAVES-TURBULENCE COUPLIN G
Claude Sidi 291
THE ROLE OF STOKES DIFFUSION IN MIDDLE-ATMOSPHERIC
TRANSPORT
W. K. Hocking and R. L. Walterscheid 30 5
IN-SITU STUDIE S OF TURBULENCE AND MIXING: PROBLEMS AND 32 9
QUESTIONS
T.A. Blix
MEASUREMENTS O F TURBULENT ENERGY DISSIPATION RATES
APPLYING SPECTRAL MODELS
F-JXiibken. and W.Hillert 34 5
MOLECULAR DIFFUSION AGAINST LARGE-SCALE UPWELLING
- A LAYERING PROCESS?
U.Hoppe 35 3
A NUMERICAL EXPERIMENT ON 2-D TURBULENCE ON A
ROTATING SPHER E
Shigeo Yoden 36 3
MIDDLE ATMOSPHERE STUDIES WITH THE EISCAT RADARS:
POLAR MESOSPHERE SUMME R ECHOES
1 Rottger 36 9
CRISTA: A SPACE SHUTTLE EXPERIMENT FOR MIDDLE
ATMOSPHERE SMALL SCALE STRUCTURES
D.Offermann 38 9
PARTICIPANTS 40 3
INDEX 407
PREFACE
The NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Coupling Processes in the Lower and
Middle atmosphere held in Loen, Norway in May 1992 was, in the estimation of
apparently al l participants, an enormous success. The 18 invited speakers included many
of the leaders in the field and resulted in the attendance of a large number of contributing
speakers and observers.
The subject of the workshop was itself very timely, given the increasing awareness within
the international community of the sensitivity of the atmosphere to coupling between
adjacent layers, different latitudes, and various scales of motion. It was also very
beneficial to bring together researchers with differen t approaches to the same or similar
problems. Fo r example, experimentalists benefitted from the inputs of modelers and
theoreticians concerning the needs of current models and the most pressing problems and
unknowns. Likewise , theoreticians were challenged to apply themselves to realistic
problems and saw their theories tested against geophysical data. These discussions led to
meaningful exchanges of ideas and challenges to or displacement of conventional
wisdom in some areas. Indeed , possibly the greatest benefit of the workshop was the
exposure of many participants to other areas of research or approaches to problems
relevant to their own work.
Workshop topics were confined to dynamical coupling processes in order to examine
progress in a relatively focussed area. Nevertheless , the results presented spanned spatial
scales from molecular to global and temporal scales from seconds to decades. Th e
unifying theme in all areas was the strong interactions occurring between the various
scales of motion.
Large-scale modeling efforts demonstrated the importance of wave-mean flow
interactions, the potential for inter-hemispheric coupling and influences, and the
importance of wave forcing at large and small scales. Analyse s of global ozone
distributions and the mean and planetary wave structures revealed correlations of
dynamical features at large distances. Considerabl e discussion was devoted to the
evidence for and potential causes of tidal and two-day wave variability, with likely
sources at small and global scales.
The majority of the workshop, and the majority of the participants, was concerned with
the coupling and effects due to, and the processes acting to constrain, the small-scale
motion field, primarily gravity waves and their associated interactions and turbulence.
The efforts included spectral theories and applications, the processes of wave dissipation,
turbulence generation, and diffusion, and the dominant sources and causes of variability
in this component of the motion field.
To summarize, the workshop was as interactive as the topic itself and served both to
survey the current state of research in the field and to define clearly some of the most
ix
X
pressing problems for experimentalists and theoreticians alike. I t exceeded our
expectations and achieved our hopes for a valuable and enjoyable interaction.
The Proceedings contains all the 18 invited key lectures as well as 8 of the most
important contributed talks. Th e editors therefore feel that the book provides a very
satisfactory account of the workshop, and we thank the authors for their willingness to
support our efforts in preparing this volume.
The organization of the Workshop was made possible by a grant No. 910806 provided by
NATO through its International Scientific Exchange Programmes. W e also gratefully
acknowledge the financial support from Scientific Committee on Solar-Terrestria l
Physics (SCOSTEP) which made it possible for us to invite several additional
distinguished speakers. Last , but not least we thank the conference secretary,
Mrs Maryann Huse Paixao, for her work in organizing the workshop and preparing the
manuscripts for publications.
E V Thrane, T A Blix, D C Fritts
ON GLOBA L QUASI-BIENNIA L OSCILLATIO N I N COLUM N OZON E
KA KI T TUNG and Hu YAN G
Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
Although the phenomenon of equatorial QBO is reasonably well understood, the
problem of how the equatorially confined QBO forcing can induce a signal in the
extratropics of comparable or even larger amplitudes remains unsolved. Observa
tional and modeling studies are performed here on the global pattern of QBO in
column ozone, a tracer in the lower stratosphere. Base d on these results we ar
gue that, while subtropical ozone is related to the equatorial QBO, extratropical
ozone QBO apparently is not a result of transport of the tropical ozone anomaly.
The phenomenon of extratropical QBO in column ozone is instead an integral part
of, and is consistent with, the dynamical QBO in Eliassen-Palm flux divergences,
zonal mean jet strengths and zonal mean temperatures. They are all likely caused
by the greater tendency of extratropical planetary waves in the lower stratosphere
to break during the easterly phase of the equatorial zonal wind QBO than during
the westerly phase. Our model result shows that, in contrast to previous 2-D model
results, extratropical QBO in ozone cannot be produced without a QBO anomaly
in the extratropical transporting circulation.
1 Introductio n
The phenomenon of equatorial Quasi-Biennial Oscillation is well known. I t has been the
subject of a number of observational investigations (Veryand and Ebdon, 1961; Reed et al,
1961; Reed and Rogers, 1962; Reed, 1965; Wallace, 1973; Coy, 1979), as well as theoretical
and modeling studies (Lindzen and Holt on, 1968; Holton and Lindzen, 1972; Plumb and
Bell, 1982; Plumb, 1984). What is not as well known, but is increasingly becoming apparent
observationally, is that a QBO signal also exists in the extratropical lower stratosphere in
dynamical variables and tracer fields, especially in column ozone (Angell and Korshova,
1964; 1970 ; 1973; 1975; Belmont et al, 1974; Tucker and Hopwood, 1968; Ebdon, 1975;
Tucker, 1979; Holton and Tan, 1980; 1982; Funk and Garnham; Hilsenrath and Schlesinger,
1981; Hasebe, 1984; Oltmans and London, 1982; Mastenbrook and Oltmans, 1983; Hyson,
1983; Bojkov, 1986; Labitzke and van Loon, 1988; Garcia and Solomon, 1987, Lait et al,
1989; Dunkerton and Baldwin, 1991). There is as yet no generally accepted explanation of
how the equatorial anomaly is transmitted to the high latitudes, where, at least in the case
of column ozone, the QBO signal is actually stronger than in the equatorial region.
1
E. V. Throne et al. (eds.), Coupling Processes in the Lower and Middle Atmosphere, 1-23.
© 1993 Kluwer Academic Publishers.
