Table Of ContentCountering
Extremism
Building Social Resilience
through Community Engagement
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Imperial College Press Insurgency and Terrorism Series
ISSN: 2335-6847
Series Editor: Rohan Gunaratna (Nanyang Technological University,
Singapore)
Vol. 1 Countering Extremism: Building Social Resilience through
Community Engagement
edited by R. Gunaratna, J. Jerard and S. M. Nasir
Sandhya - Countering Extremism.pmd 1 3/1/2013, 3:01 PM
Volume
Insurgency & Terrorism Series 1
Countering
Extremism
Building Social Resilience
through Community Engagement
Rohan Gunaratna
Jolene Jerard
Salim Mohamed Nasir
International Centre for Political Violence and Terrorism Research
S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies
Nanyang Technological University
Imperial College Press
ICP
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Published by
Imperial College Press
57 Shelton Street
Covent Garden
London WC2H 9HE
Distributed by
World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd.
5 Toh Tuck Link, Singapore 596224
USA office: 27 Warren Street, Suite 401-402, Hackensack, NJ 07601
UK office: 57 Shelton Street, Covent Garden, London WC2H 9HE
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
Imperial College Press Insurgency and Terrorism Series — Vol. 1
COUNTERING EXTREMISM
Building Social Resilience through Community Engagement
Copyright © 2013 by Imperial College Press
All rights reserved. This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form or by any means,
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For photocopying of material in this volume, please pay a copying fee through the Copyright
Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. In this case permission to
photocopy is not required from the publisher.
ISBN 978-1-908977-52-6
In-house Editor: Sandhya Venkatesh
Typeset by Stallion Press
Email: [email protected]
Printed in Singapore.
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CONTENTS
Preface vii
Acknowledgements ix
About the Contributors xi
Chapter 1 Countering Extremism and Building Social
Resilience 1
Rohan Gunaratna
Chapter 2 Community Engagement: Singapore Experience 19
Low Ai Ling
Chapter 3 C ountering Extremism and Building Social
Resilience through Community Engagement:
South Asian Models 29
Hussain Mohi-ud-Din Qadri
Chapter 4 C ommunity Engagement Models in the Middle
East: The As-Sakinah Campaign for Dialogue 43
Sheikh Abdul Mun’im al-Mushawwah
Chapter 5 Counter-Terrorism: Police and Community
Engagement in Britain; Community-Focused
or Community-Targeted? 57
Basia Spalek
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vi Contents
Chapter 6 ‘ Amrokraten, Bemokraten and Cemokraten’:
A Case Study of Denazification and Leadership
in World War II, 1944–1949 73
Kristi Cooper
Chapter 7 A Fear Management Approach to
Counter-Terrorism 91
Tinka M. Veldhuis & Edwin Bakker
Chapter 8 Community Engagement: Countering Violent
Extremism in the U.K. 107
Robert Lambert
Chapter 9 Engagement at a Crossroads 143
Caroline F. Ziemke-Dickens
Chapter 10 The Internet and New Media: Tools for
Countering Extremism and Building
Community Resilience 165
Maria Ressa
Chapter 11 Building Community Resilience 183
Anna Halafoff
Chapter 12 Countering Extremism and Building
Community Resilience through Community
Engagement: The U.K. Experience 193
Dilwar Hussain
Index 209
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PREFACE
Ideologically driven extremists, terrorists and insurgents have the
capacity and capability to politicize, radicalize and mobilize vulner-
able segments of communities. These communities have emerged as
a principal and potential resource base for recruitment by terrorist
organizations. To counter terrorism, a vicious by-product of ideo-
logical extremism, governments around the world are increasingly
embracing community-based approaches.
Extremism is the precursor to terrorism, insurgency and other
forms of political violence. Unless extremism is countered and mod-
eration is promoted, extremist ideologies will lead to disharmony
and violence. To build community resilience, both the government
and communities should work together to promote mainstream
ideology.
Since al-Qaeda’s attacks on the U.S. mainland on September 11,
2001, the response of the international community has not been
effective. Ten years after 9/11, governments are realizing that
lethal and kinetic operations alone are insufficient to isolate, con-
tain and eradicate violence including terrorism. To be effective,
counterinsurgent and counterterrorism strategies should encompass
both ‘hard’ and ‘soft’ strategies and tactics. To this end, govern-
ments are increasingly working on the prevention of extremism
upstream and de-radicalization of ideological extremists, terrorists
and insurgents downstream.
While rehabilitation to de-radicalize inmates and detainees is
gathering momentum worldwide, governments need to develop a
broad range of tools and capabilities to engage communities to
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viii Preface
counter extremism and build community resilience. Engagement is
critical for supporting community-based efforts to prevent ideologi-
cal and violent extremism as it allows government and communities
to share information, concerns, and potential solutions.
This book is an outcome of the inaugural International
Conference on Community Engagement — Countering Extremism
and Building Social Resilience held in Singapore from 21 to 22
September 2011. Attended by over 200 delegates and 20 interna-
tional speakers, the conference was inaugurated by Deputy Prime
Minister of Singapore Mr Teo Chee Hean who is also the Minister
of Home Affairs. The conference was an ideal platform for both
practitioners and scholars to meet and share their experiences and
research in countering extremism.
This book contains a series of chapters by leading researchers
and practitioners on community engagement approaches in the field
of counterterrorism and counterinsurgency. It presents existing and
emerging community engagement models in various parts of the
world which could serve as effective models for governments keen
to work with community leaders to manage and reduce the terrorist
threat. The book emphasizes the strength of communities as central
to government approaches in countering violent extremism.
The themes in the book are countering extremism and building
social resilience, community engagement models in Southeast Asia,
South Asia, Middle East and the West. The book also explores the
roles and responsibilities of a range of actors such as the media,
home or interior ministries in building social resilience. The key
message of the book is that the onus is on local communities and
local institutions to defend and protect themselves against violence
and extremist ideologies.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We would like to thank Ambassador Barry Desker, Dean,
S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies, Nanyang
Technological University, for his continuous support for counter-
terrorism research. We thank the staff of the Community
Engagement Division of the Ministry of Home Affairs in Singapore
for sharing their experience and knowledge at the International
Conference on Community Engagement (ICCE). We are also grate-
ful to Mr Benny Lim, Permanent Secretary, Prime Minister’s
Office, Ministry of National Development and National Security
and Intelligence Coordination for envisioning the formulation and
the successful implementation of the Community Engagement and
Terrorist Rehabilitation Programme in Singapore.
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