Counseling Trainees' Advocacy

157 Pages·2017·1.42 MB·English

Lehigh University
Lehigh Preserve
Theses and Dissertations
2016
Counseling Trainees’ Advocacy: Investigating the
Role of Race, Gender Beliefs, Exposure to Injustice,
and Diversity Experiences
Linh P. Luu
Lehigh University
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Luu, Linh P., "Counseling Trainees’ Advocacy: Investigating the Role of Race, Gender Beliefs, Exposure to Injustice, and Diversity
Experiences" (2016).Theses and Dissertations. 2702.
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Counseling Trainees’ Advocacy: Investigating the Role of Race, Gender Beliefs,
Exposure to Injustice, and Diversity Experiences

by
Linh P. Luu

Presented to the Graduate Research Committee
of Lehigh University
in Candidacy for the Degree of
Doctor of Philosophy
in
Counseling Psychology

Lehigh University
April 2016
Copyright by Linh P. Luu
2016

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Approved and recommended for acceptance as a dissertation in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy.

____________________________________
Date

____________________________________
Dissertation Advisor: Arpana G. Inman, Ph.D.
Lehigh University

____________________________________
Accepted Date

Committee Members:

_________________________
Christopher T. H. Liang, Ph.D.
Lehigh University

_________________________
Bridget V. Dever, Ph.D.
Lehigh University

_________________________
Matthew J. Miller, Ph.D.
University of Maryland

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
As I am sitting here in the P.C. Lab of Iacocca Hall, at the very same spot that I
have sat hundreds of times throughout my years at Lehigh, thinking about all the people I
want to thank, I feel so overwhelmed with gratitude. I am not sure where to start or if my
words are even enough. First and foremost, I would like to thank my advisor, dissertation
chair, and mentor, Dr. Arpana Inman. Dr. Inman, you have consistently provided me with
support and guidance from day 1 and tirelessly continue your mentorship even when I
live miles away. Thank you for all the opportunities and for having faith in me.
Importantly, thank you for always challenging me to do better and to be more than I
thought I could. I would also like to thank the members of my dissertation committee.
Drs. Dever, Liang, and Miller, thank you for your willingness to work with me and your
thought-provoking comments and suggestions throughout the process.
The time at Lehigh has been such a joyful, yet challenging journey for me. I
would not have been able to make it without my work family at the Office of Institutional
Research. Gary, Debbie, Yenny, Meg, and Zane, thank you all so much for providing me
with an amazing holding environment since my first day in the office. Thank you for
always having my back and for always having my best interest at heart. Gary, your
guidance and support know no bounds. Thank you for being the best boss and teacher I
have ever had. My OIR family, I hope you know that it warms my heart whenever I think
of you all.
Last but definitely not least, I would like to thank my family for being supportive,
patient, and understanding. I’d also like to thank my peers, colleagues, and sisters at
Lehigh Counseling Psychology Program. You know who you are! Thank you for being
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by my side every step of the way the last five years and hopefully many more years to
come.
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Table of Contents
Page
I. Title Page i
II. Copyright ii
III. Certificate of Approval iii
IV. Acknowledgements iv
V. Table of Contents vi
VI. List of Tables viii
VII. List of Figures ix
VIII. Abstract 1
IX. Chapter I: INTRODUCTION 2
X. Chapter II: LITERATURE REVIEW 17
XI. Chapter III: METHOD 43
XII. Chapter IV: RESULTS 54
XIII. Chapter V: DISCUSSION 64
XIV. References 80
XV. Figures 97
XVI. Tables 99
XVII. Appendix A: Recruitment Email 106
XVIII. Appendix B: Informed Consent 109
XIX. Appendix C: Demographic Questionnaire 111
XX. Appendix D: Social Justice Advocacy Scale 117
XXI. Appendix E: Color-Blind Racial Attitudes Scale 120
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XXII. Appendix F: Modern Sexism Scale 122
XXIII. Appendix G: General Ethnic Discrimination Scale – Recent 123
XXIV. Appendix H: Adapted General Ethnic Discrimination Scale – Recent 125
XXV. Appendix I: Schedule of Sexist Events – Recent 127
XXVI. Appendix J: Adapted Schedule of Sexist Events – Recent 129
XXVII. Appendix K: Diversity-Related Courses Checklist 131
XXVIII. Appendix L: Diversity Activities Checklist 132
XXIX. Appendix M: Interracial Friendship by Spanierman et al. (2008) 133
XXX. Appendix N: Interracial Friendship by Kim et al. (2014) 134
XXXI. Appendix O: Generalized Heterogeneity 135
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List of Tables
Page
Table 1: Demographic table 99
Table 2: Correlations and descriptive statistics 102
Table 3: Standardized factor loadings 103
Table 4: Standardized regression weights for direct paths 104
Table 5: Standardized regression weights for indirect paths 105

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List of Figures
Page
Figure 1: Initial hypothesized model 97
Figure 2: Alternative model 98

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