Controversies in Obesity

295 Pages·2014·2.87 MB·English

by  Stephan Rössner MD, PhD (auth.), David W. Haslam, Arya M. Sharma, Carel W. le Roux (eds.)

David W. Haslam
Arya M. Sharma
Carel W. le Roux Editors
Controversies in
Obesity
123
Controversies in Obesity

David W. Haslam (cid:129) Arya M. Sharma
Carel W. le Roux
Editors
Controversies in Obesity
Editors
David W. Haslam Carel W. le Roux
Watton Place Clinic Department of Pathology
Watton-at-Stone Diabetes Complications
Hertfordshire Research Centre
UK U niversity College Dublin
Dublin
Arya M. Sharma Ireland
Department of Medicine
University of Alberta
Edmonton
Alberta
Canada
ISBN 978-1-4471-2833-5 ISBN 978-1-4471-2834-2 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4471-2834-2
Springer London Heidelberg New York Dordrecht
Library of Congress Control Number: 2013956425
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Foreword
The Confusions and Controversies Associated with Obesity
For those of us who have been involved in the obesity
story in modern times it is always frustrating that there is so
much confusion, debate, and misunderstanding relating to the
subject. As scientists it was difficult for us to be considered as
involved in any challenging, let alone important and signifi-
cant, research. Everybody seemed to have an opinion based
on their own experience and interpretation, and even highly
trained doctors seemed to rely on what they picked up in
passing from newspapers or women’s magazines to condition
their views. It is therefore not surprising that some of these
features exist more than 40 years later after a huge amount of
work has opened up a wide range of issues. Now we are more
than ever confronted with different views in medical practice
and in assessing the dietary and other factors responsible for
weight gain and its complications. This is before we even
begin to consider the array of approaches to treatment and
the seemingly bewildering challenge of prevention with ideas
ranging from education to school management, the value of
gymnastic facilities, private slimming clinics, urban planning
and traffic policies, and even fiscal and legislative measures.
We should not be intimidated by all these issues but recog-
nize that it is a wonderful sign that the topic is now consid-
ered so important that it involves everybody from basic
scientists to physiologists, endocrinologists, neuroscientists,
and psychologists as well as the medical profession in an
array of specialists. Public health specialists are also now
locked into health economics and policy making as they
assess the parallels with combating tobacco and alcohol use.
v
vi Foreword
This book deals with a whole range of issues where there
is so much uncertainty, but it is a natural part of the process
of gaining an ever-increasing understanding of the multiple
forms of obesity and how to not only understand the underly-
ing mechanisms involved in their manifestation but also dis-
criminate the most suitable forms of treatment and prevention
of a condition that is now taking central stage in places such
as the United Nations General Assembly and the Treasuries
of the world as the predictions of an unsustainable economic
health burden emerge across the world.
W. Philip T. James
International Association for the Study of Obesity,
Charles Darwin House
London, UK
Contents
Part I Introduction
1 Obesity: Why Bother?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Stephan Rössner
Part II Sociopolitical
2 Too Late to Challenge the Modern
Obesity Epidemic? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Neville J. Rigby
3 Government Action to Tackle Obesity. . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Susan A. Jebb
4 Why Are Governments Abdicating from Dealing
with the Obesity Crisis?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Boyd A. Swinburn
5 Childhood Habits and the Obesity Epidemic . . . . . . 31
Michael E.J. Lean
6 Obesity and Sexuality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
David W. Haslam
7 Fat on Display. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
David W. Haslam
vii
viii Contents
Part III Causes
8 The Emerging Paradigm Shift in Understanding
the Causes of Obesity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Shamil A. Chandaria
9 Adenoviruses and Obesity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Richard L. Atkinson
10 The Role of the Gut Microbiome in Obesity. . . . . . . 83
Kristine H. Allin and Oluf Pedersen
11 Saturated Fat in Cardiovascular
Disease and Obesity: Friend or Foe?. . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Aseem Malhotra
12 Childhood Obesity and the Environment . . . . . . . . . 97
Paul A. Whaley
13 Genetics and Epigenetics: Myths or Facts?. . . . . . . . 103
Kirsi H. Pietiläinen
14 Chronicities of Modernity and the Contained
Body as an Explanation for the Global Pandemic
of Obesity, Diabetes, and the Metabolic Syndrome . 109
Dennis Wiedman
Part IV Clinical
15 Screening for Type 2 Diabetes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
Laura J. Gray, Melanie J. Davies,
and Kamlesh Khunti
16 Assessing the Cardiometabolic Risk of Obesity:
Importance of Visceral/Ectopic Fat and of the Use
of Hypertriglyceridemic Waist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
Jean-Pierre Després
Contents ix
17 Moving Beyond Scales and Tapes:
The Edmonton Obesity Staging System. . . . . . . . . . . 137
Arya M. Sharma
18 Obstructive Sleep Apnea. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Bertrand R. de Silva
19 Obesity and the Heart Disease Patient:
Controversies Abound. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
Henry J. Purcell
20 Obesity, Diabetes, and Dental Health:
Relationship and Management. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
Rajesh Chauhan
21 Very Low-Calorie Diets: Saint or Sinner?. . . . . . . . . 167
Debbie R.J. Cook
22 Obesity and the Mind . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
David W. Haslam
23 Adipose Tissue Expansion
for Improving Glycemic Control. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
Nikhil V. Dhurandhar
24 Should Hip and Knee Arthroplasty Be
Restricted in the Obese? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
Tim S. Waters
25 Is It Time to Rename Obesity Management
as Secondary Prevention? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
Matthew S. Capehorn
Part V Childhood
26 Childhood Obesity: What Harm, Any Solutions? . . 213
Julian Paul Hamilton-Shield