CONSTITUTION WITHOUT CONSTITUTIONALISM OR CONSTITUTIONALISM IN EVOLUTION? A

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CONSTITUTION WITHOUT CONSTITUTIONALISM OR
CONSTITUTIONALISM IN EVOLUTION? A Critical Study of the
First Forty Five Years of Constitutional Law and Practice in
Independent Tanzania (1961-2005) and Kenya (1963-2008)

Goodluck Kiwory

Master of Laws L.L.M. Dissertation
University of Dar es salaam
November, 2010
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CONSTITUTION WITHOUT CONSTITUTIONALISM OR
CONSTITUTIONALISM IN EVOLUTION? A Critical Study Of
The First Forty-Five Years Of Constitutional Law And Practice In
Independent Tanzania (1961-2005) And Kenya (1963-2008)

By
Goodluck Kiwory

A Dissertation Submitted on Partial Fulfillment of Requirements for the Degree
of Master of Laws (L.L.M.) of the University of Dar es salaam

University of Dar es salaam
November, 2010
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CERTIFICATION

The undersigned certifies that he has read and hereby recommends for acceptance by

the University of Dar es Salaam a dissertation entitled: Constitution without
Constitutionalism or Constitutionalism in Evolution? A Critical Study of the First
Forty Five Years of Constitutional Law and Practice in Independent Tanzania and
Kenya , in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Laws
(L.L.M.) of the University of Dar es Salaam.

------------------------------------------
Professor Josaphat Laurean Kanywanyi
Supervisor

Date: ------------------------------
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DECLARATION
AND
COPYRIGHT

I, Goodluck Kiwory, declare that this Dissertation is my own original work and that
it has not been presented and will not be presented to any other University for a
similar or any other degree award.

Signature ------------------------------------------

This Dissertation is copyright material protected under the Berne Convention, the
Copyright and Neighbouring Rights Act 1999 and other international and national
enactments, in that behalf, on intellectual property. It may not be reproduced by any
means, in full or in part, except for short extracts in fair dealings, for research or
private study, critical scholarly review or discourse with an acknowledgement,
without the written permission of the Dean of the School of Graduate Studies, on
behalf of both the author and the University of Dar es Salaam.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This work materialized as a result of concerted efforts of various persons who
assisted me in accomplishing it in time. I would like to thank my Supervisor,
Professor J.L. Kanywanyi, for his tireless and consistent follow-ups and keen
guidance, valuable criticisms and constant encouragement during the whole process
of the preparation of the work. I would also like to extend sincere appreciation to
Prof. L.X. Mbunda, Mrs. Juliana Masabo and Dr. Sengondo, E.A Mvungi who
guided me in the coursework part of the study.
I am indebted to the German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD) and Aktion
Afrika Programme for their financial support during the entire period of my study. I
appreciate and thank them for their invaluable support. I also thank my 2008- 2010
colleague LL.M. students, especially Mr. Francis Kamuzora, Mr. Bakari George,
Miss. Angela Kokuhumbya Lushagara, Miss. Judith Mathew Kakongwe, Miss. Hawa
Juma Mushi, Miss. Bahati Ndesarua, Mr. Hamza Ismail and Mr. Thomas Mihayo
Sipemba who cordially assisted me during hard times of my study. I owe them a lot
for their friendly gesture and support. On a similar note, I would like to extend my
sincere gratitude to colleagues, Mr. Laurean Musa and Mr. Evaristo Longopa, for
taking trouble to go through the draft of this Dissertation. May the Almighty God
bless them all!
Lastly, I wish to express my gratitude to the Executive Directors of Centre for Legal
Research International (CLARION), Tanzania Centre for Democracy (TCD) and
Legal and Human Rights Centre (LHRC) for permitting me to have access to various
materials necessary for accomplishing the Dissertation.
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To all, those mentioned and not named, I humbly say thank you very much for your
efforts that made this Dissertation materialize. However, any omissions, errors or
mistakes remain entirely my responsibility.
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DEDICATION

In memory of

Cecil John Maruma, Esquire
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ABSTRACT
The work attempts a critical examination of the current state of constitutionalism and
constitutional development in East Africa generally and Tanzania and Kenya in
particular. The constitutions for these countries provide for constitutionalism.
However, constitutionalism does not seem to have been manifested realistically over
more than forty five years of these countries‟ independence.
Both the library and field research in form of interviews, focused group discussions
and structured interviews were conducted within Dar es Salaam and by
correspondence in Nairobi to obtain data for the study.
The work points out that the constitutions of these countries have a number of
bottlenecks that make them less effective and inefficient. This includes the non-
involvement of people in the process of these countries‟ constitution making.
Secondly, the emergence of a group of politicians who have institutionalized the
political fate to themselves have been facilitated by lack of constitutionalism and has
thus, also, virtually hampered the process of constitutional development.
Finally, the work proposes constitutional reforms to overcome these bottlenecks and
the strengthening of the political will as the cornerstone issue for rendering the
constitutions efficient and efficacious.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Certification .............................................................................................................................. i
Declaration .............................................................................................................................. iv
Acknowledgement ................................................................................................................... v
Dedication .............................................................................................................................. vii
Abstract ................................................................................................................................. viii
Table of Contents .................................................................................................................... ix
List of Statutes ...................................................................................................................... xiii
List of Cases .......................................................................................................................... xv

CHAPTER ONE ...................................................................................................................... 1
GENERAL INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND .......................................................... 1
1.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Statement of the Problem .......................................................................................... 3
1.3 Objective and Significance of the Study ................................................................... 4
1.4 Literature Review ..................................................................................................... 5
1.5 Hypothesis .............................................................................................................. 15
1.6 Research Methodology ........................................................................................... 15
1.6.1 Library Research .................................................................................................... 16
1.6.2 Field Interview ....................................................................................................... 16
1.6.2.1 Structured Interview .............................................................................................. 16
1.6.2.2 Unstructured Interview .......................................................................................... 18

CHAPTER TWO ................................................................................................................... 19
CONSTITUIONALISM: A MAJOR HISTORICAL SURVEY ........................................... 19
2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................ 19
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2.2.1 The Development of Ancient Greek and Roman Constitutionalism .................... 20
2.2.2 British Constitutionalism ....................................................................................... 22
2.2.3 American Constitutionalism .................................................................................. 25
2.3 Conclusion ............................................................................................................. 26

CHAPTER THREE ............................................................................................................... 28
PRE-COLONIAL AND COLONIAL AFRICAN CONSTITUIONALISM ......................... 28
3.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 28
3.2 Pre-Colonial African Constitutionalism ................................................................ 29
3.3 Development of Constitutionalism in Colonial Tanganyika .................................. 31
3.3.1 The Executive ........................................................................................................ 33
3.3.2 The Legislature ...................................................................................................... 34
3.3.3 The Judiciary .......................................................................................................... 36
3.4 Kenya: The Colonial Constitutional Legal Framework ........................................ 36
3.4.1 The Government (Executive) and the Legislative Machinery ............................... 36
3.4.2 The Courts System ................................................................................................. 39
3.4.2.1 The English Courts of Justice ................................................................................ 39
3.4.2.2 Muslims Courts ...................................................................................................... 40
3.4.2.3 The Native Tribunals ............................................................................................. 41
3.5 Conclusion ............................................................................................................ 42

CHAPTER FOUR.................................................................................................................. 43
POST COLONIAL CONSTITUIONALISM IN TANGANYIKA AND KENYA AND ITS
LEGAL FRAMEWORK ....................................................................................................... 43
4.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................ 43
4.2 Tanzania: Post-Colonial constitutional Legal Framework .................................... 43
4.2.1 Introductory Observations ..................................................................................... 43