Conflict and Violence in Lebanon: Confrontation in the Middle East

230 Pages·1979·28.387 MB·English

by  Walid Khalidi

"
and
Violence
Lebanon:
in
Confrontation
in
the Middle East
alid Khalidi
9047 00 23373 9
956.9204
KHALIUI, WALID
CONFLICT AND VIOLENCE IN LEBANON...
2 0 1993
80 05796
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San Mateo Public Library
San Mateo, CA 94402
“Questions Answered’’
Digitized by the Internet Archive
2015
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CONFLICT AND VIOLENCE IN LEBANON:
Confrontation in the Middle East

HARVARDSTUDIES
ININTERNATIONALAFFAIRS
Number38
AND
CONFLICT VIOLENCE
IN LEBANON:
Confrontation in the Middle East
by Walid Khalidi
Publishedbythe
CenterforInternationalAffairs
HarvardUniversity
Public Library San Mateo, CA
©
Copyright 1979bythe President andFellows ofHarvard College
Library ofCongress Catalog CardNumber 77-89806
ISBN 0-87674-037-9 (Cloth)
ISBN0-87674-038-7 (Paper)
Printedin theUnited StatesofAmerica
All rights reserved. This book may not be reproduced in whole or in
part by mimeography, photoduplication, or any other means without
the prior written consent of the publisher. Center for International
Affairs, Harvard University, 1737 Cambridge Street, Cambridge,
MA
02138.
The Center for International Affairs is happy to provide a forum for
the expression of responsible views. It does not, however, necessarily
agree with them.
Harvard University
Center for International Affairs
Executive Committee
SAMUEL P. HUNTINGTON, Frank G. Thomson Professor of Govern-
ment, Director
ROBERT R. BOWIE, Clarence Dillon Professor of International Affairs
(on leave 1977-1979)
JORGE I.DOMINGUEZ, Professor of Government
PAUL DOTY, Mallinckrodt Professor of Biochemistry
C. CLYDE FERGUSON, JR., Professor of Law
LESTER E. GORDON, Director of Harvard Institute for International
Development
DOUGLAS HIBBS, Professor of Government
STANLEY HOFFMANN, Professor of Government
HERBERT C. KELMAN, Richard Clarke Cabot Professor of Social
Ethics
JOSEPH S. NYE, JR., Professor of Government
SIDNEY VERBA, Professor of Government
RAYMOND VERNON, Herbert F. Johnson Professor of International
Business Management and Clarence Dillon Professor of International
Affairs
Created in 1958, the Center for International Affairs fosters advanced
study of basic world problems by scholars from various disciplines and
senior officials from many countries. The research of the Center focuses
on economic, social, andpolitical development; themanagement offorce
in the modern world; the problems and relations of advanced industrial
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The Harvard Studies in International Affairs, which are listed at the
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the publishers.
5
About the Author
Walid Khalidi, a Palestinian professor of Political Studies at the
AmericanUniversity ofBeirut, is a graduate of the University of London
and Oxford University. He has taught at Oxford and Harvard, and has
been a ResearchAssociate at PrincetonUniversity aswell as at the Center
for International Affairs and the Center for Middle Eastern Studies,
Harvard University.
CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
9
PREFACE 13
1.
GLOSSARY 15
MAPS 27
THE HISTORICAL BACKGROUND 33
1 From theFrenchOccupationtoIndependence:
.
1920-1943 33
2. From Independence to the Civil War: 1943-
1975 37
2. THE CIVIL WAR 47
1. From Ain Rummaneh, April 1975, to the
Franjieh-Karami Accord, November 1975 47
2. From the Franjieh-Karami Accord to Fran-
jieh's Constitutional Document, February
1976 50
3. From the Constitutional Document to the
Election of President Sarkis, May 1976 53
4. From the Election of Sarkis to the Syrian En-
try into Lebanon, June 1976 56
5. From the Syrian Entry to the Beginning of the
Sarkis Administration, September 1976 58
6. From the Inauguration of Sarkis to the End of
General Hostilities 63
THE ACTORS 67
3.
1. The Lebanese 67
2. The Palestinians 79
3. The Arab Countries 82
4. The Non-Arab Countries 87
THE INTERPLAY BETWEEN EXTERNAL AND
4.
INTERNAL FACTORS 93
1. Looking Outside the Lebanese Box 93
2. Looking Inside the Lebanese Box 95
3. The Failure of a Model 99