Table Of ContentTo show that the system is not only for engineers, we created this "Hall of Mirrors." It represents a
reflective cylinder adjacent to a colored dodecahedron. In front and behind are mirrors. The observer
stands between the mirrors but is invisible. The background light outside the mirrors is blue and
there is a source of white light just far enough outside the picture frame not to appear. In the far
mirror, a "hall" of images of the two objects can be seen. A distorted reflection of the hall appears in
the cylinder and therefore in all its images. For details, see an article by Geoff Wyvill and Tosiyasu
L. Kunii, entitled "A Functional Model for Constructive Solid Geometry," in the July 1985 issue of
"The Visual Computer: An International Journal of Computer Graphics."
© Kunii Laboratory of Computer Science & Software Research Center of Ricoh Co., Ltd.
Computer Graphics
Visual Technology and Art
Proceedings of
Computer Graphics Tokyo '85
Edited by Tosiyasu L. Kunii
With 179 Figures
50 of them in Color
Springer-Verlag
Tokyo Berlin Heidelberg New York
Dr. Tosiyasu L. Kunii
Professor and Director
Kunii Laboratory of Computer Science
Department of Information Science
Faculty of Science
The University of Tokyo
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Computer graphics.
Includes bibliographies and index.
1. Computer graphics - Addresses, essays, lectures.
I. Kunii, Tosiyasu.
T385.C5995 1985 006.6 85-17392
ISBN-13: 978-4-431-68032-1 e-ISBN-13: 978-4-431-68030-7
DOl: 10.1007/978-4-431-68030-7
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any informa
tion storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.
© Springer-Verlag Tokyo 1985
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 1985
Preface
In the design of any visual objects, the work becomes much easier if previous designs
are utilized. Computer graphics is becoming increasingly important simply because
it greatly helps in utilizing such previous designs. Here, "previous designs" signifies
both design results and design procedures. The objects designed are diverse. For
engineers, these objects could be machines or electronic circuits, as discussed in
Chap. 3, ''CA~/CAM.'' Physicians often design models of a patient's organs from
computed tomography images prior to surgery or to assist in diagnosis. This is the
subject of Chap. 8, "Medical Graphics." Chapter 7, "Computer Art," deals with the
way in which artists use computer graphics in creating beautiful visual images. In
Chap. 1, "Computational Geometry," a firm basis is provided for the definition of
shapes in designed objects; this is a typical technical area in which computer graphics
is constantly making worldwide progress. Thus, the present volume, reflecting
international advances in these and other areas of computer graphics, provides every
potential or actual graphics user with the essential up-to-date information.
There are, typically, two ways of gathering this current information. One way is to
invite international authorities to write on their areas of specialization. Usually this
works very well if the areas are sufficiently established that it is possible to judge
exactly who knows what. Since computer graphics, however, is still in its
developmental stage, this method cannot be applied. We have to depend on a different
approach, which consists of the following two procedures. The first is publishing a
call for papers to obtain original works, describing new findings, ideas, and experiments
submitted in the traditional paper format. The second is to organize a program
committee for peer review of the submitted papers. The peer reviewers, three for
each paper, are judges, and the review results are available to the authors such that,
if necessary, they are able to defend their papers. After screening out unsuitable
contributions, the remaining papers present creative thinking, impressive research
results, and innovatory ideas, sometimes so innovatory that it is difficult to assess
whether they represent great errors or truly epoch-making approaches. Novel findings
from many new groups of workers in different parts of the world are thus included.
The presentation of such papers at international conferences and publishing the
proceedings promotes rapid advances. After having organized four international
conferences on computer graphics, the first in Los Angeles in 1975 and the following
three in Tokyo every year since 1983, I am constantly finding new interesting,
vi
developing areas. Such areas this year are Computer Animation, presented in Chap.
6, Visual Communications and Interfaces, presented in Chap. 5, and Graphics
Standardization and Packaging, presented in Chap. 2. Graphics Networks are also
starting to emerge, as discussed in Chap. 4. Those workers who were rising figures
at the first conference are now well established with many awards and international
fame to their credit.
However, I realize that computer graphics is still in its infancy. There are many difficult
and essential areas that remain undeveloped, such as graphic data-base
management, texture graphics, graphic communications, engineering animation, and
manufacturing process design. They need to be tackled by future research. It is to
be hoped that the present volume assists in stimulating such research.
Tosiyasu L. Kunii, Editor
Cover Design: This simulation of assembling a copier is drawn by ANIMENGINE, an engineering animation
system designed for computer integrated manufacturing (CIM). The details of ANIMENGINE are described
in: Tsukasa Noma and Tosiyasu L. Kunii, "ANIMENGINE: An Engineering Animation System," Proceedings
of Graphics Interface '85, Montreal, May 1985, pp. 83-90.
© Kunii Laboratory of Computer Science & Software Research Center of Ricoh Co., Ltd.
Table of Contents
Chapter 1
Computational Geometry ......................................... .
Invertible Set Operations for Solid Modeling
(H. Toriya, T. Satoh, K. Ueda, H. Chiyokura) ............................. 3
A Hierarchical Space Indexing Methods
(K. Fujimura, T.L. Kunii) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 21
Clustering Geometric Objects and Applications to Layout Problems
(F. Dehne, H. Noltemeier) ............................................. 35
Accelerated Ray Tracing
(A. Fujimoto, K. Iwata) ................................................ 41
Chapter 2
Graphics Standardization and Packaging .......................... 67
A Formalization for the Specification and Systematic Generation
of Computer Graphics Systems
(T. Onodera, S. Kawai) ............................................... 69
Considerations in Developing High-Performance System
with Standard Graphics Software
(J.R. Warner) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 97
Developing a Cartographic Geo-Code System (CAGES)
(R.T. Bannon) ....................................................... 107
A Raster Display Graphics Package for Education
(D.F. Rogers, S.D. Rogers) ............................................ 123
Chapter 3
CAD/CAM ......................................................... 139
The Interactive Interface of "CADME" System
(C. Bizzozero, U. Cugini) .............................................. 141
viii
A Low-Cost 2-D CAD System Based on Personal Computers:
Background of its Design and Implementation
(S. Tsurumi, J. Yamada) ............................................... 153
A High Performance Graphic System for VLSI Design
(S. Inoue, T. Watanabe, T. Nakashima) .................................. 173
Chapter 4
Graphics Networks ................................................ 187
CrossoverNet: A Computer Graphics/Video Crossover LAN System
(T.L. Kunii, Y. Shirota) .............. ". ................................. 189
Chapter 5
Visual Communication and Interfaces ............................. 201
Graphics Interface Tool Development in a Problem Solving Environment
(K.I. Joy) ........................................................... 203
ICONS and User-Interface Communication
(A. Bernhard) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
Video-Graphic Query Facility for Database Retrieval
(N.H. McDonald) ..................................................... 229
Communications and Graphics
(M.G. Rawlins, V. Uttley) .............................................. 245
Advanced Systems Integration Management via CAD Graphics
(R.T. Bannon) ....................................................... 253
Chapter 6
Computer Animation .............................................. 269
Single and Multiple Virtual Movie-Cameras for Special Cinematographic Effects
(N. Magnenat-Thalmann, D. Thalmann) .................................. 271
High Performance Calligraphics: Union of Hardware and Software
(D.R. Jones, G.L. Marchant, M.B. Stephenson) ........................... 285
Computer Animation in Engineering
(D.W. Muir) ......................................................... 299
Chapter 7
Computer Art ..................................................... 309
Techniques in Computer Art
(MK Sasaki, T. Sasaki) .............................................. 311
ix
Production of Artistic Images with "ART PROCESSOR"
(M. Takakura, Y. Noguchi, H. Takemura, K. Iwasaki, Y. Yamane,
K. Hatakenaka, N. Kako) .............................................. 321
Vector Graphics for the Graphic Designer and the Artist
(C. Schubert) ........................................................ 335
Chapter 8
Medical Graphics .................................................. 347
Three-Dimensional Display of X-Ray CT Image: Extraction and Display
of Cerebral Ventricle
(Y. Suto, M. Kato, T. Ozeki, M. Ueda, T. Izumida, K. Tarora) ............... 349
Color Blindness Tests by Color Graphic Display
(G. Tomizawa, Y. Ban, K. Takahashi, H. Mieno) ........................... 363
Author Index ........................................................ 371
Subject Index ........................................................ 377
List of Contributors
The page numbers given below refer to the page on which contribution begins.
Yooichiro Ban 363 Takeshi Ozeki 349
Robert T. Bannon 107, 253 Mark G. Rawlins 245
Alice Bernhard 215 David F. Rogers 123
Carlo Bizzozero 141 Stephen D. Rogers 123
Hiroaki Chiyokura 3 Mutsuko K. Sasaki 311
Umberto Cugini 141 Tateaki Sasaki 311
F. Dehne 35 Toshiaki Satoh 3
Akira Fujimoto 41 Christa Schubert 335
Kikuo Fujimura 21 Yukari Shirota 189
Sumitsugu Inoue 173 Michael B. Stephenson 285
Kansei Iwata 41 Yasuzo Suto 349
Tsutomu Izumida 349 Kooichi Takahashi 363
Donald R. Jones 285 Kimio Tarora 349
Kenneth I. Joy 203 Daniel Thalmann 271
Masao Kato 349 Giichi Tomizawa 363
Satoru Kawai 69 Hiroshi Toriya 3
Tosiyasu L. Kunii 21, 189 Shunichiro Tsurumi 153
Nadia Magnenat-Thalmann 271 Kenji Ueda 3
Gary L. Marchant 285 Masami Ueda 349
Nancy H. McDonald 229 Vince Uttley 245
Hiroshi Mineo 363 Jiro Yamada 153
David W. Muir 299 James R. Warner 97
Takayoshi Nakashima 173 Takashi Watanabe 173
Hartmut Noltemeier 35
Tamiya Onodera 69
