Complexity and Spatial Networks: In Search of Simplicity

282 Pages·2009·4.676 MB·English

by  Aura Reggiani, Peter Nijkamp (auth.), Aura Reggiani, Peter Nijkamp (eds.)

Advances in Spatial Science
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Manfred M. Fischer
Geoffrey J.D. Hewings
Peter Nijkamp
Folke Snickars (Coordinating Editor)
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Aura Reggiani Peter Nijkamp
l
Editors
Complexity and Spatial
Networks
In Search of Simplicity
Editors
ProfessorAuraReggiani ProfessorPeterNijkamp
DepartmentofEconomics DepartmentofSpatialEconomics
FacultyofStatistics VUUniversityAmsterdam
UniversityofBologna DeBoelelaan1105
PiazzaScaravilli,2 1081HVAmsterdam
40126Bologna TheNetherlands
Italy [email protected]
[email protected]
ISBN978-3-642-01553-3 e-ISBN978-3-642-01554-0
DOI:10.1007/978-3-642-01554-0
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Preface
Complex systems analysis has become a fascinating topic in modern research on
non-lineardynamics,notonlyinthephysicalsciencesbutalsointhelifesciences
and the social sciences. After the era of bifurcation theory, chaos theory, syner-
getics, resilience analysis, network dynamics and evolutionary thinking, currently
we observe an increasing interest in critical transitions of dynamic real-world
systemsinmanydisciplines,suchasdemography,biology,psychology,economics,
earthsciences,geology,seismology,medicalsciences,andsoon.Therelevanceof
thisapproachisclearlyreflectedinsuchphenomenaastrafficcongestion,financial
crisis, ethnic conflicts, eco-system breakdown, health failures, etc. This has
promptedaworld-wideinterestincomplexsystems.
Geographical space is one of the playgrounds for complex dynamics, as is
witnessed by population movements, transport flows, retail developments, urban
expansion, lowland floodingand soforth.All such dynamic phenomena have one
featureincommon:thelowpredictabilityofuncertaininterrelatedeventsoccurring
atdifferentinterconnectedspatio-temporalscalelevelsandoftenoriginatingfrom
differentdisciplinarybackgrounds.Thestudyoftheassociatednon-linear(fastand
slow) dynamic transition paths calls for a joint research effort of scientists from
different disciplines in order to understand the nature, the roots and the conse-
quences of unexpected or unpredictable changes in complex spatial systems.
Complex dynamics also challenges the findings from conventional equilibrium
theory,inparticularconcerningmulti-agentsystems.Consequently,theprediction,
analysis, and management of non-linear dynamic phenomena in the context of
complexityanalysisisofgreatimportancefordecisionmakinginboththeprivate
andthepublicsector.
In this context, from a methodological viewpoint, in complex systems there is
theneedforaunifyingframeworkofanalysisthatembracesthemeaninganduseof
interdisciplinaryconcepts(suchasself-organization,criticality,redundancy,resil-
ience and sustainability). At the same time, the universality and ‘simplicity’ of
network centrality and connectivity laws (such as the entropy and power laws)
shouldbebetterexplored.
Thepresentvolumebringstogetheraseriesoforiginalandinnovativecontributions
inthe area ofcomplex spatial dynamics and networks. A wealthof authors – from
v
vi Preface
different disciplines – were invited to write an original piece of work centring
aroundthenon-lineardynamicnatureofspatialandnetworksystems.Thisbookis
the outgrowth of a workshop organized by IPL (Institute Para Limes), the new
Instituteforfrontierresearchoncomplexphenomenaofatrans-disciplinarynature,
based in the Netherlands (for details, see www.paralimes.org). The participants
came from all over the world and provided refreshing ideas on the analysis of
complexity and non-linear dynamic evolution in space and in spatial networks.
Their contributions and various enthusiastic ideas laid the foundation for this
publication that aims to be a systematic compilation of carefully selected and
refereed papers on interdisciplinary perspectives on spatial complexity and non-
linear dynamic network development. The editors wish to thank Jan Wouter
Vasbinder,ManagingDirectorofIPL,forhisgreatsupportinthepreparationand
organizationofourwork.
Bologna/Amsterdam, AuraReggiani
March2009 PeterNijkamp
Contents
1 SimplicityinComplexSpatialSystems:Introduction ................... 1
AuraReggianiandPeterNijkamp
PartA:Complexity,Evolution,andSimplicityinSpace
2 The‘‘Thermodynamics’’oftheCity:EvolutionandComplexity
ScienceinUrbanModelling .............................................. 11
AlanWilson
3 MacroandMicroDynamicsoftheCitySizeDistribution:
TheCaseofIsrael ......................................................... 33
LucienBenguigui,EfratBlumenfeld-Lieberthal,andMichaelBatty
4 AMorphogeneticPerspectiveonSpatialComplexity:
TransportCostsandUrbanShapes ...................................... 51
FrancescaMedda,PeterNijkamp,andPietRietveld
5 AlgorithmicComplexityandSpatialSimplicity ......................... 61
RajendraG.Kulkarni,RogerR.Stough,andKingsleyE.Haynes
6 Polyplexity:AComplexitySciencefortheSocial
andPolicySciences ........................................................ 75
HelenCouclelis
PartB:EvolutionaryNetworksinaSocio-EconomicContext
7 Complexity,EvolutionandLearning:EmpiricalandExperimental
ValidationofHeterogeneousExpectations .............................. 91
CarsHommes
vii
viii Contents
8 Homophily,Conformity,andNoiseinthe(Co-)Evolution
ofComplexSocialNetworks ............................................ 105
GeorgeEhrhardt,MatteoMarsili,andFernandoVega-Redondo
9 ComplexEvolutionandLearning:TheRoleofConstraints ......... 117
MassimoRicottilli
10 Proximity,SocialCapitalandtheSimonModel
ofStochasticGrowth .................................................... 133
KoenFrenken
11 EvolutionaryandPreferentialAttachmentModels
ofDemandGrowth ...................................................... 141
TerryL.Friesz,ChanghyunKwonandDavidBernstein
12 ModellingtheEconomyasanEvolvingSpaceofFlows:
MethodologicalChallenges .............................................. 151
KieranP.Donaghy
PartC:EmpiricalAspectsofNetworkComplexityintheSpace-Economy
13 EffectsofaSimpleModeChoiceModelinaLarge-Scale
Agent-BasedTransportSimulation .................................... 167
DominikGrether,YuChen,MarcelRieser,andKaiNagel
14 Complex,AdaptiveSystems,ThroughTimeandAcrossSpace:
AlbertaPowerGeneration .............................................. 187
KevinSeelandNigelWaters
15 MeasuringandVisualizingUrbanNetworkDynamics:
AGISandGraph‐TheoreticApproach ................................ 209
LaurieA.SchintlerandGiacomoGaliazzo
16 SpatialAutocorrelationinSpatialInteraction:
Complexity‐to‐SimplicityinJourney‐to‐WorkFlows ................. 221
DanielA.Griffith
17 ComplexNetworksAnalysisofCommuting:Recent
AdvancesandaResearchAgenda ...................................... 239
AndreaDeMontis,AlessandroChessa,MicheleCampagna,
SimoneCaschili,andGiancarloDeplano
Contents ix
18 SpatialandCommutingNetworks:AUnifyingPerspective ......... 257
RobertoPatuelli,AuraReggiani,PeterNijkamp,andFranz-JosefBade
PartD:Epilogue
19 FromComplexitytoSimplicity:InterdisciplinarySynthesis
andFuturePerspectives ................................................. 275
AuraReggiani
Contributors
Franz-JosefBade
FacultyofSpatialPlanning,UniversityofDortmund,DortmundD44221,Germany
MichaelBatty
CentreforAdvancedSpatialAnalysis,UniversityCollegeLondon,1-19Torrington
Place,LondonWC1E7HB,UK
LucienBenguigui
SolidStateInstituteandDepartmentofPhysics,Technion-IsraelInstituteTechno-
logy,Haifa32000,Israel
DavidBernstein
DepartmentofComputerScience,JamesMadisonUniversity,800SouthMainSt.
MSC4103,Harrisonburg,VA22807,USA
EfratBlumenfeld-Lieberthal
EnvironmentalSimulationLaboratory,ThePorterSchoolofEnvironmentalStudies
andtheFacultyofArts,Tel-AvivUniversity,Tel-Aviv69978,Israel
MicheleCampagna
Dipartimento di Ingegneria del Territorio, Sezione Costruzioni e Infrastrutture,
Universita` degliStudidiSassari,viaDeNicola,Sassari07100,Italy
SimoneCaschili
DipartimentodiIngegneriadelTerritorio,Universita`degliStudidiCagliari,Piazza
d’Armi16,Cagliari09123,Italy
YuChen
TransportSystemsPlanningandTransportTelematics,TUBerlin,Salzufer17-19,
Sekr.SG12,Berlin10587,Germany
AlessandroChessa
DipartimentodiFisica,INFM,Universita` degliStudidiCagliari,ComplessoUni-
versitariodiMonserrato,Monserrato09042,Italy
xi