Competition along the Coasts from Guangdong

434 Pages·2011·4.29 MB·English

Reconceptualizing Southern Vietnamese History from the 15th to 18th Centuries:
Competition along the Coasts from Guangdong to Cambodia
by
Brian A. Zottoli
A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment
of the requirements for the degree of
Doctor of Philosophy
(History)
in The University of Michigan
2011

Doctoral Committee:

Professor Victor B. Lieberman, Chair
Associate Professor Allen D. Hicken
Professor Rudolf Mrazek
Professor Emeritus Ernest P. Young
© Brian Zottoli, 2011
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I am immensely grateful to Professor Victor Lieberman, Professor Ernest Young,
Professor Rudolf Mrazek, and Professor Allen Hicken, for their support, counsel and
encouragement. Most of all, I would like to thank Professor John Whitmore, without
whose generosity and inspiration this dissertation would not have been possible. I would
also like to acknowledge the many scholars from Vietnam and other Asian countries
whose work has helped me to continue to explore the history of their region.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS  ii 
LIST OF MAPS  viii 
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS  ix 
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION: VIETNAM’S “PUSH TO THE SOUTH” 1 
The Nam Tiến or “Push to the South”  1 
Recent Scholarship on Nguyễn Cochinchina  6 
Alternative Readings  16 
Early Historical Sources on Cochinchina  20 
Texts on Cochinchina since Alexandre de Rhodes  24 
Texts Produced during the Nguyễn Dynasty Era  33 
CHAPTER 2 COASTAL AND HIGHLAND LINKS FROM SOUTH CHINA TO
CAMBODIA, C. 1401-1520 52 
Early Wars in Đại Việt, Champa and Cambodia  53 
Champa in the Trần Dynasty Era  59 
A Champa Resurgence  61 
Qinzhou, Hải Dương and Champa under the Ming Occupation  69 
Lê Expansion in Qinzhou, Laos and Champa  74 
The Rise of a Mạc Regime  84 
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Highland Tributary Polities  91 
CHAPTER 3 COCHINCHINA UNDER MẠC RULE, C.1520-1570 97 
Early Mạc Rule  97 
Beginnings of the Lê-Mạc Wars  101 
The Mạc Presence in Thuận Hóa and Quảng Nam  107 
A Mạc Court in Exile in Qinzhou  113 
Relations with the Highlands  116 
Early Descriptions of the King of Cochinchina  121 
Uncertainty in Mạc Succession  140 
CHAPTER 4 THE MẠC IN QUẢNG NAM, C.1570-1593 146 
A Mạc Family Record in Quảng Nam  147 
Descriptions of Nguyễn Hoàng’s Battles in Thuận Hóa  149 
Lương Văn Chính and the Kontum Plateau  153 
Mạc Kính Điển’s Descendants in Quảng Nam  156 
Defeat of the Mạc in Tonkin  163 
CHAPTER 5 MẠC EXPANSION AFTER THE LOSS OF HẢI DƯƠNG, C. 1593-1605
171 
An Early Map of Cambodia  171 
A Mạc Intervention in Cambodia  173 
Similarities between the Mạc Intervention and the 1594 Crisis  176 
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The Spanish in Cochinchina  180 
The Lê Conquest of Hải Dương  185 
Conflicting Accounts of the Lê Enfeoffment  188 
Support for a Mạc Revolt in Đông Kinh and the South  192 
Rulers in Quảng Nam after Lê Recognition  200 
CHAPTER 6 COCHINCHINA DURING THE LATER LÊ-MẠC WARS C. 1605-1637
209 
Consolidation and Regulation of Trade in Quảng Nam  209 
The Location of a Royal Capital  212 
Marriage Alliance with a Cambodian King  215 
Mạc Attacks on Qinzhou and Tonkin  220 
Cochinchina’s Influence in Highland States  225 
Northern Coastal Forces in Thuận Hóa and the Struggle for Nghệ An  229 
Culmination of the Mạc Lineage in Nguyễn Texts  239 
Trịnh Support for an Attempted Coup  241 
A Succession Crisis in Quảng Nam  245 
CHAPTER 7 WARS IN COCHINCHINA AND TONKIN, C. 1637-1674 250 
A Dutch-Tonkin Alliance  250 
New Arrivals from Nghệ An  255 
A Misplaced Defeat of Champa  258 
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Naval Campaigns in Nghệ An  261 
A Ming Loyalist in Hội An and Quảng Bình  265 
Defeat of Cambodia’s Muslim King  269 
Integration of Nghệ An Forces into the Southern Court  275 
A Defense of Xiengkhuang from Trịnh Invasion  276 
Christian and Chan Buddhist Royal Factions  278 
CHAPTER 8 THE BEGINNINGS OF A KINGDOM IN GIA ĐỊNH, C. 1674-1714 282 
A Cochinchinese Colony and Divided Rule of Cambodia  282 
Restoring a King in Oudong  290 
Ming Loyalist Control of the Mekong  292 
Ascension of the a New Ruling Clan  295 
New Forces Intervene in Cambodia  300 
A Chan Buddhist Court  307 
Nguyễn Hữu Cảnh and the “Gia Định Prefecture”  317 
Coastal and Highland Rebellions  321 
Increasing Cochinchinese Presence on the Mekong  326 
CHAPTER 9 THE STRUGGLE FOR CAMBODIA, C. 1714-1773 332 
A Punitive Mission in Cambodia  333 
A Christian-Allied Monarch  337 
A New Intervention in Cambodia  344 
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A “New” Mạc Clan in Cambodia  348 
The Võ Prince’s Reforms  353 
Challenges to the Võ Prince  357 
Loss of Xiengkhuang to the Trịnh  361 
Campaigns for the Middle Mekong  364 
A Regent Seizes Power in the Court  369 
Hà Tiên’s Engagement with Ayutthaya  371 
A Merchant Revolt  374 
Taksin’s Invasion of Hà Tiên  376 
CHAPTER 10 THE BIRTH OF NGUYỄN VIETNAM, C.1773-1788 380 
“Nguyễn” Support for a Trịnh Occupation  381 
Mạc Support for Princes in Exile  383 
A King of Gia Định  386 
Consolidation of Power by the Đông Sơn Army  389 
An Alliance with Bangkok  390 
Establishment of the Gia Định Regime  393 
CHAPTER 11 CONCLUSION 397 
BIBLIOGRAPHY  403 

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LIST OF MAPS

Map 1 Detail from a Jesuit map c.1653 printed in Paris by Chez Pierre Mariette. 51

Map 2 A topographic map of the Mekong River and the eastern littoral. 96

Map 3 Quảng Nam, with a royal citadel (marked by double borders) drawn at Chiêm
Encampment, as well as Thăng Hoa (Trà Kiệu) and Mỹ Sơn. From the Giáp Ngọ Bình
Nam Đồ. 170

Map 4 River links to Champassak. From Archaimbault, “L’Histoire de Čămpasăk.” 208

Map 5 Details of VOC Joen Blau 1657 map showing two cities near the Thu Bồn River.
Rotterdam Maritime Museum. 281

Map 6 Đại Nam Nhất Thống Toàn Đồ. An early 19th century map, perhaps based on
maps first drawn in the late 18th century. Hán Nôm Institute, Hanoi. 379

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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

Bản Kỷ Tục Biên Đại Việt Sử Kỳ Bản Kỷ Tục Biên
BAVH Bulletin des Amis de Vieux Hué
BCAI Bulletin de la Commission Archéologique de l'Indochine
BEFEO Bulletin de l'Ecole Française d'Extrême-Orient
BIPPA Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association
Cạn Lục Ô Châu Cạn Lục
Cương Mục Khâm Định Việt Sử Thông Giám Cương Mục
Diễn Chí Nam Triều Công Nghiệp Diễn Chí
JSEAS Journal of Southeast Asian Studies
Liệt Truyện [Đại Nam] Liệt Truyện Tiền Biên
Liệt Truyện Chính Biên [Đại Nam] Liệt Truyện Chính Biên Sơ Tập
Tạp Lục Phủ Biên Tạp Lục
Thông Chí Gia Định Thành Thông Chí
Thông Sử Đại Việt Thông Sử
Thực Lục [Đại Nam] Liệt Thánh Thực Lục Tiền Biên
Thực Lục Chính Biên [Đại Nam] Thực Lục Chính Biên Sơ Tập
Toàn Thư Đại Việt Sử Ký Toàn Thư
Tục Biên Đại Việt Sử Ký Tục Biên
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