Common grasses, legumes and forbs of the eastern United States: identification and adaptation

412 Pages·2019·28.42 MB·English

by  Abaye

Common Grasses, Legumes and Forbs of the
Eastern United States
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Common Grasses, Legumes
and Forbs of the Eastern
United States
Identification and Adaptation
A. Ozzie Abaye
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
With first edition assistance from James T. Green, Jr. and Edward B. Rayburn.
First edition edited by Douglas S. Chamblee and Thomas Wieboldt
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Dedication
This book is dedicated to my adoptive parents, Mr. and Mrs. Samuel W. Morris. From the time I arrived on their farm
in Pennsylvania in 1978, they had a much bigger dream for me than I had for myself. They supported every move I
made and suggested more. I would also like to acknowledge my biological father Mr. Abaye Metekia. He taught me
that love is a key that opens all doors and to love oneself is to love all. The completion of this book would not have
been possible without the encouragement and gentle pushes, e.g., “when are you finishing the book?”, from my sister,
EleanorMorrisIlloway.
—OzzieAbaye,October2010
Mr.andMrs.SamuelW.Morris
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Contents
AcknowledgmentsandContributors xi Barnyardgrass—Echinochloacrus-galli(L.)
AbouttheBook xiii P.Beauv. 52
Bentgrass,Colonial—AgrostiscapillarisL.
(FormerlyKnownasAgrostistenuisSibth.) 54
Legumes 1 Bentgrass,Creeping—Agrostisstolonifera
L.var.palustris(Huds.)Farw.Previously
Alfalfa—MedicagosativaL.subsp.sativa 2
KnownasAgrostisstoloniferaL. 55
Clover,Alsike—TrifoliumhybridumL. 4
Bermudagrass—Cynodondactylon(L.)(Pers.)
Clover,Arrowleaf—TrifoliumvesiculosumSavi 6
var.dactylon 57
Clover,Crimson—TrifoliumincarnatumL. 8
Bluegrass,Annual—PoaannuaL. 59
Clover,LargeHop—Trifoliumcampestre
Bluegrass,Kentucky—PoapratensisL. 61
Schreb.;Clover,SmallHop—Trifolium
Bluegrass,Roughstalk—PoatrivialisL. 63
dubiumSibth. 10
Bluestem,Big—Andropogongerardii(L.)Vitman 65
Clover,Rabbitfoot—TrifoliumarvenseL. 12
Bluestem,Caucasian—Bothriochloa
Clover,Red—TrifoliumpratenseL. 14
bladhii(Retz)S.T.Blake 67
Clover,Subterranean—Trifolium
Bluestem,Little—Schizachyriumscoparium
subterraneumL. 16
(Nutt.)Engelm. 69
Clover,YellowSweet—Melilotusofficinalis(L.)
Bromegrass,Downy—BromustectorumL. 71
Lam.;Clover,WhiteSweet—Melilotusalba
Bromegrass,Smooth—Bromusinermis
Medik. 18
Leyss.subsp.inermis 73
Clovers,White(Small,Intermediate,andLarge
Broomsedge—AndropogonvinginicusL.Leyss. 75
(Ladino)Types)—TrifoliumrepensL. 20
Buffalograss—Buchloedactyloides(Nutt.)
Kudzu—Puerarialobata(Willd.)Ohwivar.
lobata.5Puerariamontana(Lour.)Merr.var. Engelm. 77
Canarygrass,Reed—PhalarisarundinaceaL. 79
lobata(Willd.)Maesen&S.M.Almeida 24
Centipedegrass—Eremochloaophiuroides
Lespedeza,Kobecommon—Kummerowia
(Munro)Hack 81
striata(Thunb.)Schindl.“Kobe,”AlsoCalled
Cheat—BromussecalinusL. 83
Lespedezastriata(Thunb.)Hook&Arn. 26
Crabgrass,Large—Digitariasanguinalis(L.)
Lespedeza,Korean—Kummerowiastipulacea,
Scop.;Crabgrass,Smooth—Digitaria
(Maxim.)Makino,AlsoCalledLespedeza
ischaemum(Schreb.)Muhl.;Crabgrass,
stipulaceaMaxim. 28
Southern—Digitariaciliaris(Retz.)Koeler 85
Lespedeza,Sericea—Lespedezacuneata
Dallisgrass—PaspalumdilatatumPoir. 88
{Dum.Cours.}G.Don 30
DeertongueGrass—Dichanthelium
Lespedeza,Shrub—LespedezabicolorTurcz.
clandestinum(L.)Gould(PreviouslyKnown
(IncludingLespedezathunbergii(DC.)Nakai) 32
asPanicumclandestinumL.) 90
Medic,Black—MedicagolupulinaL. 34
Fescue,Red—FestucarubraL.subsp.rubra 92
Trefoil,Birdsfoot—LotuscorniculatusL. 36
Fescue,Tall—FestucaarundinaceaSchreb. 94
Vetch,BigFlower—ViciagrandifloraScop. 38
Foxtail,Giant—SetariafaberiR.A.W.Herrm. 96
Vetch,Common—Viciasativasubsp.
Foxtail,Green—Setariaitalica(L.)P.Beauv.:
sativaL. 40
Vetch,Crown—CoronillavariaL.5Securigera CommonlyReferredtoasSetariaviridis(L.)
P.Beauv. 97
varia(L.)Lassen 42
Foxtail,Yellow—Setariapumila(Poir.)Roem.&
Vetch,Hairy—ViciavillosaRothsubsp.villosa 44
Schult.subsp.pumila(FormerlyKnown
asSetariaglauca) 98
Grasses and Sedges 47 Gamagrass,Eastern—TripsacumdactyloidesL. 100
Bahiagrass—PaspalumnotatumFlu¨gge´ 48 Goosegrass—Eleusineindica(L.)Gaertn. 102
Barley—HordeumvulgareL.subsp.vulgare 50 Indiangrass—SchizachyriumscopariumL. 104
vii
viii Contents
Johnsongrass—Sorghumhalepense(L.)Pers. 106 Bindweed,Field—ConvolvulusarvensisL.;
Lacegrass—Eragrostiscapillaris(L.)Nees 108 Bindweed,Hedge—Calystegiasepium(L.)
Lovegrass—EragrostiscurvulaL. 110 R.Br. 176
Millet,Foxtail—Setariaitalica(L.)P.Beauv. 112 Bittercress,Hairy—CardaminehirsutaL. 178
Millet,Japanese—Echinochloafrumentacea BlueweedorViper’sBugloss—Echium
Link 114 vulgareL. 180
Millet,Pearl—Pennisetumamericanum(L.) Buckwheat,Wild—Fallopiaconvolvulus(L.)
Nash 115 A´ Lo¨ve 182
Nimblewill—MuhlenbergiaschreberiJ.F.Gmel. 117 BurCucumber—SicyosangulatusL. 184
Nutsedge,Yellow—CyperusesculentusL.; Burdock,Common—Arctiumminus(Hill)
Nutsedge,Purple—Cyperus Bernh. 186
rotundusL. 119 Buttercup,Bulbous—RanunculusbulbosusL.;
Oat,Cereal—AvenasativaL. 121 Buttercup,Corn—RanunculusarvensisL.;
OatWild—AvenafatuaL. 123 Buttercup,TallField—RanunculusacrisL. 188
Orchardgrass—DactylisglomerataL. 125 Butterflyweed—AsclepiastuberosaL. 190
Panicum,Fall—Panicumdichotomiflorum Campion,White—SilenelatifoliaPoir.subsp.
Michx. 127 alba(Mill.)Greuter&Burdet 192
Quackgrass—Elymusrepens(L.)Gould 129 Carpetweed—MollugoverticillataL. 194
Redtop—AgrostisgiganteaRoth(Commonly Carrot,Wild—DaucuscarotaL.subsp.
ReferredtoasAgrostisalba) 131 carota 196
RescuegrassorPrairieGrass—Bromus Chickweed,Common—Stellariamedia(L.)
unioloides(Willd.)H.B.K. Vill.;Chickweed,Mouse-Ear—Cersatium
(syn.BromuscatharticusVahl&Bromus fontanumBaumg.subsp.vulgare(Hartm.)
willdenowiiKunth) 133 Greuter&Burdet 198
Rye,Grain—SecalecerealeL. 135 Chicory—CichoriumintybusL.;Cinquefoil,
Ryegrass,Annual—LoliummultiflorumLam. 137 Sulfur—PotentillarectaL.“Warrenii” 201
Ryegrass,Perennial—LoliumperenneL. 139 Cinquefoil,Sulfur—PotentillarectaL.
SideOatsGrama—Boutelouacurtipendula “Warrenii” 203
(Michx.)Torr. 141 Cocklebur,Common—XanthiumstrumariumL. 205
Signalgrass,Broadleaf—Urochloaplatyphylla Cudweed,Purple—Gamochaetapurpurea(L.)
(MunroexC.Wright)R.D.Webster Cabrera 207
(AlsoKnownasBrachiariaplatyphylla Daisy,Ox-Eye—LeucanthemumvulgareLam. 209
(MunroexC.Wright)Nash) 143 Dandelion—TaraxacumofficinaleF.H.Wigg
Smutgrass—Sporobolusindicus(L.)R.Br.var. aggr. 211
capensisEngl.alsocalledSporobolus Dayflower,Climbing—Commelinadiffusa
poiretiiL. 145 Burm.f.;Dayflower,Commonor
Sorghum/Sudangrass—Sorghumbicolor(L.) Asiatic—CommelinadiffusaL. 213
Moench/Sorghumbicolorvar.sudanense 147 Deadnettle,PurpleorRed—Lamium
St.Augustinegrass—Stenotaphrum purpureumL. 215
secundatum(Walt.)Kuntze 149 Dock,Curly—RumexcrispusL. 217
Switchgrass—PanicumvirgatumL. 151 Dodder—CuscutaL.spp. 219
Teff—Eragrostistef(Zuccagni)Trotter 153 Filaree,Redstem—Erodiumcicutarium(L.)
Timothy—PhleumpratenseL. 155 L’He´rexAit. 221
Velvetgrass—HolcuslanatusL. 157 Fleabane,Annual—Erigeronannuus(L.)Pers. 223
Vernalgrass,Sweet—Anthoxanthum Galinsoga,Hairy—Galinsogaquadriradiata
odoratumL. 159 Ruiz&Pavon,PreviouslyKnownasGalinsoga
Wheat—TriticumaestivumL.subsp. ciliata(Raf.)Blake) 225
aestivum 161 Garlic,Wild—AlliumvinealeL. 227
Witchgrass—PanicumcapillareL. 163 Geranium,Carolina—Geranium
Zoysiagrass—ZoysiajaponicaSteud. 165 carolinianumL. 229
Goldenrod,CanadaorCommon—Solidago
canadensisL. 231
Nonleguminous Forbs 167 Gromwell,CornorField—Buglossoides
Basil,Wild—ClinopodiumvulgareL./Satureja arvensis(L.)I.M.Johnston 233
vulgarisL. 168 Groundsel,Common—SeneciovulgarisL. 235
Bedstraw,Catchweed—GaliumaparineL. 170 Hawksbeard,SmoothorRedstem—Crepis
Beggarticks,Devils—BidensfrondosaL. 172 capillaris(L.)Wallr. 237
Bergamot,Wild—MonardafistulosaL. 174 Hawkweed,Field—HieraciumL.spp. 239
Contents ix
Healall—PrunellavulgarisL. 241 Plantain,Buckhorn—PlantagolanceolataL. 307
Henbit—LamiumamplexicauleL. 243 Plantain,Bracted—Plantagoaristata
Horsenettle,Carolina—Solanum Michx 308
carolinenseL. 245 Pokeweed—PhytolaccaamericanaL. 310
Horseweed—Conyzacanadensis(L.) Prickly,Sida—SidaspinosaL. 312
Cronquist 247 Primrose,Evening—OenotherabiennisL. 314
Jewelweed—ImpatienscapensisMeerb. 249 Purslane,Common—PortulacaoleraceaL. 316
Jimsonweed—DaturastramoniumL. 251 Ragweed,Common—Ambrosia
Joepyeweed—EupatoriumfistulosumL., artemisiifoliaL. 318
PreviouslyKnownasEupatorium Ragweed,Giant—AmbrosiatrifidaL. 319
purpureum(L.)E.E.Lament 253 ScarletPimpernel—AnagallisarvensisL. 321
Knapweed,Spotted—Centaureastoebe Shepherd’s-Purse—Capsellabursa-pastoris(L.)
subsp.micranthos(Gugler)Hayek 255 Medik. 323
Knotweed,Prostrate—PolygonumaviculareL.; Smartweed,Pennsylvania—Persicaria
Knotweed,Erect—PolygonumerectumL.or pensylvanica(L.)M.Go´mez;Ladysthumb
PolygonumachorecumL. 257 orSmartweed—Polygonum
Lamb’s-quarters,Common—Chenopodium persicariaL.5PersicariamaculosaGray 325
albumL. 259 Sorrel,Red—RumexacetosellaL. 328
Lettuce,PricklyLettuce—LactucaserriolaL. 261 Sowthistle,Perennial—SonchusarvensisL. 330
Mallow,Common—MalvaneglectaWallr. 263 Sowthistle,Spiny—Sonchusasper(L.)Hill 332
Mallow,Venice—HibiscustrionumL. 265 Speedwell,Corn—VeronicaarvensisL.;
Milkweed,Common—AsclepiassyriacaL. 267 Speedwell,Heath—VeronicaofficinalisL.;
Morningglory,Tall—Ipomoeapurpurea(L.) Speedwell,Persian—VeronicapersicaPoir. 334
Roth 269 Spurge,Spotted—Chamaesycemaculata(L.)
Motherwort—LeonuruscardiacaL. 272 Small;Spurge,Prostrate—Euphorbia
Mullein,Common—VerbascumthapsusL.; humistrataEngelm.ExGray 337
Mullein,Moth—VerbascumblattariaL. 274 Star-of-Bethlehem—Ornithogalum
Mustard,Hedge—Sisymbriumofficinale(L.) umbellatumL. 339
Scop. 277 St.John’sWort,Common—Hypericum
Mustard,Pinnatetansy—Descurainia perforatumL.;St.John’sWort,
brachycarpaL. 279 Spotted—HypericumpunctatumL. 341
Mustard,Wild—Brassicanigra(L.)W.D.J. StickweedorYellowCrownbeard—Verbesina
Koch 281 occidentalis(L.)Walter 343
Mustard,YellowRocket—Barbarea Teasel,Common—DipsacusfullonumL. 345
vulgarisR.Br. 283 Thistle,Bull—Cirsiumvulgare(Savi)Ten. 347
Nightshade,Bittersweet—Solanum Thistle,Canada—Cirsiumarvense(L.)Scop. 349
dulcamaraL.;Nightshade,Eastern Thistle,Musk—CarduusnutansL. 351
Black—SolanumptychanthumDuanl; Velvetleaf—AbutilontheophrastiMedik. 353
Nightshade,Silverleaf—Solanum VenusLookingglass,Common—Specularia
elaeagnifoliumCav. 285 perfoliataL.Nieuwl.,FormerlyKnown
Nightshade,EasternBlack—Solanum asTriodanisperfoliata(L.)[A.DC.] 355
ptychanthumDuanl;Nightshade, Vervain,Blue—VerbenahastataL. 357
Silverleaf—SolanumelaeagnifoliumCav. 287 VirginiaCopperleaf—AcalyphavirginicaL. 359
Onion,Wild—AlliumL.spp. 289 Woodsorrel,Yellow—OxalisstrictaL. 361
Pansy—ViolatricolorL. 291 Yarrow,Common—AchilleamillefoliumL. 363
Pennycress,Field—ThlaspiarvenseL. 293
Pepperweed,Field—Lepidium
AppendixA:DoYouKnow?? 365
campestre(L.)R.Br. 295
AppendixB:TheNutritiveValueofCommon
Pepperweed,Virginia—Lepidium
virginicumL. 297 PastureWeedsandTheirRelationtoLivestock
Pigweed,Redroot—Amaranthus NutrientRequirements 369
retroflexusL. 299 Bibliography 375
Pineappleweed—MatricariadiscoideaDC. 301 IndexbyScientificName 377
MayweedChamomile—AnthemiscotulaL. 302 IndexbyCommonName 381
Pink,Deptford—DianthusarmeriaL. 304 GeneralIndex 385
Plantain,Blackseed—Plantagorugelii
Decne. 306