Coastal hydrogeology

420 Pages·2019·58.248 MB·English

by  Jiao, Jimmy, Post, Vincent

COASTAL HYDROGEOLOGY
Waterresourcesareofenormoussocietalandecologicalimportance.Incoastalareas,they
are under ever greater pressure due to population growth, more affluent lifestyles, food
production and the growing tourism industry. Changes to the coastal landscape, through
urbanisationandlandreclamation,andbynaturalprocessessuchasclimatechangeandsea
level rise, modify the interaction between seawater and groundwater and put water
resources at risk. This comprehensive volume covers both theory and practice of coastal
hydrogeology. It discusses hydrochemistry; submarine groundwater discharge;
groundwater management; palaeo-hydrology; land reclamation; climate change and sea
levelrise;andmathematicalmodelsofvariable-densityflow.Withitsup-to-datecoverage
and numerous case studies that illustrate practical implications, it is perfect for students,
practitioners,managersandresearcherswhowishtodevelopanin-depthunderstandingof
topicsrelevanttosustainablymanagingcoastalgroundwaterresources.
jimmy jiao is a professor of hydrogeology in the Department of Earth Sciences at the
UniversityofHongKongandhasmorethan20yearsofteachingandresearchexperiencein
various topics in coastal hydrogeology. He was the 2011 recipient of the John Hem
Excellence in Science and Engineering Award from the National Groundwater
Association. Dr Jiao is a Fellow of the Geological Society of London, the Geological
Society of America and the American Society of Civil Engineers. He has provided
consultancy services to industry and government organisations regarding various coastal
groundwaterissues.DrJiaowasanAssociateEditor(2004–2008)andEditor(2008–2015)
oftheHydrogeologyJournalandAssociateEditor(2002–2008)forGroundwater.
vincent post hasnearly20yearsofprofessionalexperienceincoastalhydrogeology.
HecompletedhisPhDongroundwatersalinisationintheNetherlandsandhasworkedon
projectsincoastalzonesaroundtheworld,includingPortugal,KiribatiandAustralia.His
expertisespansabroadrangeoftopics,whichincludenumericalmodelling,hydrochem-
istry,measurementtechniquesandfreshwaterresourcemanagement.DrPosthaspublished
extensivelyoncoastalgroundwaterflowandchemicalprocesses.HewasanEditorofthe
HydrogeologyJournal(from2010to2015)andisanAssociateEditorfortheJournalof
Hydrology. He is also actively involved in the organisation of the Salt Water Intrusion
Meetingseriesthatsawitsfiftiethanniversaryin2018.
“Thisbookpresentsasystematicandcomprehensiveapproachtounderstandingcoastal
groundwaterandgivesreadersabalancedexaminationofalmostallimportantfacetsof
coastalhydrogeology,rangingfrompalaeogroundwaterissuesintherecentgeological
pasttofuturebehaviourofcoastalaquifersinresponsetoclimatechangeandsealevel
rise.Numerousinternationalcasestudiesfromcoastalaquiferscultivatereaderunder-
standingoftheoccurrence,movementandhydrochemistryofcoastalgroundwaterina
varietyofgeologicsettings.Iamdelightedtohavethisexcellentbookonmyshelfand
believeitwillbecomeaclassic.Ihavenohesitationinrecommendingitasa“mustuse”
booktoallthosewhoworkinanyaspectofgroundwaterinthecoastalenvironment.”
JohnCherry,UniversityofGuelph
“ThereaderofJiaoandPost’sbookwillfindexcellentchaptersfromtheprinciplesof
hydrologyandhydrodynamicstohighlypracticalissuesofcoastalhydrogeology,com-
plementarytothegeneticknowledgeofaquifers.Thebookprovidestheknowledgeand
backgroundnecessaryforallresearchers,engineersandpractitionersdealingwithcoastal
issues,includinggroundwaterresources,landuse,environmentalvaluesandecological
services.”
EmilioCustodio,PolytechnicUniversityofCatalonia,Barcelona
“Atlast–areadableandcomprehensivecompilationoftheprinciples,analyticalsolu-
tionsandliteraturerelevanttocoastalgroundwater.JiaoandPosthavedoneanincredible
job of summarising and discussing the diverse and voluminous literature on coastal
hydrogeologyinahighlyreadablebook.Basicprinciplessuchasequivalentfreshwater
headandDarcy’slawinvariabledensityflowareclearlyexplainedandillustrated.Topics
covered range from salt water intrusion, submarine groundwater discharge, tidal
dynamics and geochemistry to land reclamation, sea level change and relict (palaeo)
saltwaterincoastalaquifers,withinterestinghistoricalinsightsincludedthroughout.A
final chapter pulls together many of the concepts in a discussion of coastal aquifer
managementandseawaterintrusioncontrol.Thisbookisessentialforanyoneinterested
ingroundwaterincoastalareas.”
MaryP.Anderson,UniversityofWisconsin-Madison
“Coastalgroundwaterpresentsuniquechallengestohydrogeologists,bothinitsvulner-
ablepositionsqueezedbetweenlandandseaandinthephysicalandchemicalcomplex-
itiescreatedbyvariationsindensity,sourcesofcontaminationandcharacteristiccoastal
forcings.Aspressuresoncoastalwaterresourcesrisewithincreasingdemand,changesin
climateandsea-levelrise,carefulmanagementofcoastalgroundwaterisagreaterpriority
thanever.Thisbookisatimelycontributionthatprovidesbothabroadoverviewanda
thoroughdiveintofundamentalandemergingtopicsinthefield.Withamixof theory
and application, this will be a valuable resource for researchers, practitioners and
managerslookingtoaddressthecoastalwaterchallengesofthecomingdecades.”
HollyMichael,UniversityofDelaware
COASTAL HYDROGEOLOGY
JIMMY JIAO
HongKong
VINCENT POST
Amsterdam
UniversityPrintingHouse,CambridgeCB28BS,UnitedKingdom
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CambridgeUniversityPressispartoftheUniversityofCambridge.
ItfurtherstheUniversity’smissionbydisseminatingknowledgeinthepursuitof
education,learning,andresearchatthehighestinternationallevelsofexcellence.
www.cambridge.org
Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9781107030596
DOI:10.1017/9781139344142
©JimmyJiaoandVincentPost2019
Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception
andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements,
noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithoutthewritten
permissionofCambridgeUniversityPress.
Firstpublished2019
PrintedintheUnitedKingdombyTJInternationalLtd.PadstowCornwall
AcataloguerecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary.
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Names:Jiao,Jimmy,author.|Post,Vincent,author.
Title:Coastalhydrogeology/JimmyJiao,VincentPost.
Description:NewYork,NY:CambridgeUniversityPress,2019.
Identifiers:LCCN2018050819|ISBN9781107030596
Subjects:LCSH:Hydrogeology.|Coasts.
Classification:LCCGB1005.J5362019|DDC551.49–dc23
LCrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/2018050819
ISBN978-1-107-03059-6Hardback
CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceoraccuracyof
URLsforexternalorthird-partyinternetwebsitesreferredtointhispublication
anddoesnotguaranteethatanycontentonsuchwebsitesis,orwillremain,
accurateorappropriate.
Thehighestgoodnessislikewater.Waterbenefitsallthingsanddoesnotcompete.Itstaysinthelowly
placeswhichothersdespise.ThereforeitisnearTheEternal.
Laozi(1368–1644)
Itwillnotbeacaseofacheckreturnedwith‘NoFunds’writtenacrossit,butacaseofdrawing
undrinkablewaterfromourfaucets.
Itbehoovesus,then,tokeepourexpenditurewithinourincome,todrawnomorewaterfrom
theartesiansystemthannatureputsintoit.
Palmer(1927)

Contents
Foreword pagexi
Preface xiii
FigureCredits xv
1 IntroductiontoCoastalGroundwaterSystems 1
1.1 CoastalZones 1
1.2 CoastalHydrogeology 3
1.3 CoastalGroundwaterSystems 5
1.4 CoastalGroundwaterChemistry 9
1.5 HydraulicHeadsinCoastalAquifers 13
1.6 Darcy’sLawinVariable-DensitySystems 17
2 GoverningEquationsforVariable-DensityFlow 19
2.1 GoverningEquations 19
2.2 Groundwaterflow 23
2.3 SoluteTransport 32
2.4 BoundaryandInitialConditions 36
2.5 NumericalMethods 39
2.6 DataNeeds 45
3 AnalyticalSolutionsforaSteadyFreshwater–SaltwaterInterface 47
3.1 Introduction 47
3.2 HistoricalNoteonFreshwater–SaltwaterRelations 48
3.3 MathematicalRelationsbetweenFreshwaterandSaltwater 51
3.4 AnalyticalSolutionsfortheWaterLevelandInterfacein
CoastalAquifers 57
3.5 Pumping-InducedSeawaterIntrusion 66
3.6 Pumping-InducedSaltwaterUp-Coning 70
4 GroundwaterTidalDynamics 73
4.1 Introduction 73
4.2 BasicsofSeaTides 74
4.3 HistoricalNoteonStudiesofGroundwaterTides 77
vii
viii Contents
4.4 TidalEfficiencyandLoadingEfficiency 80
4.5 EquationsforTide-InducedWaterLevelFluctuations 84
4.6 ABriefReviewofOtherAnalyticalSolutions 94
4.7 EstimationoftheAmplitudeRatioandTimeLag 98
4.8 NotesontheTheoryandPracticeofTidalMethods 101
5 HydrogeochemistryofCoastalAquiferSystems 104
5.1 Introduction 104
5.2 CoastalWaterTypes 104
5.3 ChemicalProcessesinCoastalAquifers 110
5.4 ChemicalEvolutioninCoastalPlainAquiferSystems 115
5.5 ChemicalDataAnalysis 118
5.6 ChemicalandIsotopicIndicators 127
5.7 SelectedCoastalAquiferHydrochemistryTopics 140
6 SeawaterIntrusion 159
6.1 ACloserLookatSeawaterIntrusion 159
6.2 ModesofSeawaterIntrusion 161
6.3 ReversibilityofSeawaterIntrusion 184
7 SubmarineGroundwaterDischarge 187
7.1 Introduction 187
7.2 BasicConcepts 187
7.3 DrivingForcesofSGD 189
7.4 SubmarineSprings 196
7.5 MethodsforAssessingSGD 200
7.6 Limitations,UncertaintiesandFutureResearchinSGDEstimation 210
8 CoastalPalaeo-Hydrogeology 215
8.1 Introduction 215
8.2 SeaLevelChangeonaGeologicalTimescale 215
8.3 ReorganisationofCoastalGroundwaterSystems 223
8.4 CaseStudiesofCoastalAquiferEvolution 232
8.5 OffshorePalaeo-Groundwater 244
8.6 SeaLevelChangeandAquiferDevelopment 252
9 ImpactofLandReclamationonCoastalGroundwaterSystems 255
9.1 Introduction 255
9.2 LandReclamation 255
9.3 AnalyticalSolutionsforLandReclamationEffects 263
9.4 NumericalCaseStudyofGroundwaterFlowandContaminant
TransportafterLandReclamation 277
9.5 InnovativeUseofLandReclamationSites 280
9.6 GuidelinesofHydrogeologicalAssessmentofLandReclamation 281
Contents ix
10 SeaLevelChangeandCoastalAquifers 283
10.1 Introduction 283
10.2 ClimateChangeandSeaLevelRise 284
10.3 ImpactofSeaLevelRiseonCoastalZones 285
10.4 ImpactofSeaLevelRiseonCoastalGroundwaterSystems 289
10.5 ManagementApproachestoCompensatefortheImpact
ofSeaLevelRise 295
10.6 GroundwaterUsageandSeaLevelRise 296
11 Tide-InducedAirflowinUnsaturatedZones 298
11.1 Introduction 298
11.2 Water-Confined,Air-ConfinedandAir-UnconfinedAquifers 299
11.3 EquationsforAirflowinUnsaturatedZones 300
11.4 SpatialandTemporalTide-InducedPressureFluctuations 303
11.5 Environmental,EngineeringandEcologicalEffects
ofTide-InducedAirflow 307
11.6 CaseStudyofHongKongInternationalAirport 308
12 CoastalAquiferManagementandSeawaterIntrusionControl 314
12.1 Introduction 314
12.2 MeasurementandMonitoring 315
12.3 AssessmentofCoastalAquiferVulnerability 323
12.4 SeawaterIntrusionManagement 324
12.5 Desalination 344
12.6 Socio-EconomicAspects 346
References 349
Index 397