Table Of ContentStudies in Economic History
Claude Diebolt
Auke Rijpma
Sarah Carmichael
Selin Dilli
Charlotte Störmer E ditors
Cliometrics
of the
Family
Studies in Economic History
SeriesEditor
TetsujiOkazaki,TheUniversityofTokyo,Tokyo,Japan
EditorialBoardMembers
LorenBrandt,UniversityofToronto,Canada
MyungSooCha,YeungnamUniversity,Korea
NicholasCrafts,UniversityofWarwick,UK
ClaudeDiebolt,UniversityofStrasbourg,France
BarryEichengreen,UniversityofCaliforniaatBerkeley,USA
StanleyEngerman,UniversityofRochester,USA
PriceV.Fishback,UniversityofArizona,USA
AvnerGreif,StanfordUniversity,USA
TirthankerRoy,LondonSchoolofEconomicsandPoliticalScience,UK
OsamuSaito,HitotsubashiUniversity,Japan
JochenStreb,UniversityofMannheim,Germany
NikolausWolf,HumboldtUniversity,Germany
AimsandScope
This series from Springer provides a platform for works in economic history that
truly integrate economics and history. Books on a wide range of related topics are
welcomed and encouraged, including those in macro-economic history, financial
history, labor history, industrial history, agricultural history, the history of
institutionsandorganizations, spatialeconomic history,lawandeconomichistory,
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Economic history studies have greatly developed over the past several decades
through application of economics and econometrics. Particularly in recent years, a
variety of new economic theories and sophisticated econometric techniques—
including game theory, spatial economics, and generalized method of moment
(GMM)—havebeenintroducedforthegreatbenefitofeconomichistoriansandthe
researchcommunity.
At the same time, a good economic history study should contribute more than
just an application of economics and econometrics to past data. It raises novel
research questions, proposes a new view of history, and/or provides rich
documentation.Thisseriesisintendedtointegratedataanalysis,closeexamination
of archival works, and application of theoretical frameworks to offer new insights
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ThepurviewofthisnewSpringerseriesistrulyglobal,encompassingallnations
and areas of the world as well as all eras from ancient times to the present. The
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otherswellestablishedintheacademiccommunity,aswellasworkdeemedtobeof
equivalentmerit.
Moreinformationaboutthisseriesathttp://www.springer.com/series/13279
(cid:129) (cid:129)
Claude Diebolt Auke Rijpma
(cid:129) (cid:129)
Sarah Carmichael Selin Dilli Charlotte Störmer
Editors
Cliometrics of the Family
Editors
ClaudeDiebolt AukeRijpma
BETA/CNRS UtrechtUniversity
UniversityofStrasbourg Utrecht,TheNetherlands
Strasbourg,France
SarahCarmichael SelinDilli
UtrechtUniversity UtrechtUniversity
Utrecht,TheNetherlands Utrecht,TheNetherlands
CharlotteStörmer
UtrechtUniversity
Utrecht,TheNetherlands
ISSN2364-1797 ISSN2364-1800 (electronic)
StudiesinEconomicHistory
ISBN978-3-319-99479-6 ISBN978-3-319-99480-2 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-99480-2
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2019930700
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Contents
1 CliometricsoftheFamily:Editors’Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
ClaudeDiebolt,AukeRijpma,SarahCarmichael,SelinDilli,
andCharlotteStörmer
2 ACliometricModelofUnifiedGrowth:FamilyOrganization
andEconomicGrowthintheLongRunofHistory. . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
ClaudeDieboltandFaustinePerrin
3 MaritalFertilityandInvestmentinChildren’sEducation. . . . . . . . 33
FrancescoCinnirella
4 ACriticalIntroductiontoInstrumentalVariablesforSibshipSize
BasedonTwinBirths. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
StefanÖberg
5 FamilyOrganisationandHumanCapitalInequalitiesinHistorical
Europe:TestingtheAssociationAnew. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
MikołajSzołtysek,RadosławPoniat,SebastianKlüsener,
andSiegfriedGruber
6 OriginsandImplicationsofFamilyStructureAcrossItalian
ProvincesinHistoricalPerspective. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
GraziellaBertocchiandMonicaBozzano
7 GenderRelationsandEconomicDevelopment:Hypotheses
AbouttheReversalofFortuneinEurasia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
AlexandraM.dePleijt,JanLuitenvanZanden,andSarahCarmichael
8 PoliticalPowerfromEliteFamilyNetworksinColonialBuenos
Aires. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
LauraC.delValleandJuanM.C.Larrosa
v
vi Contents
9 RegionalPatternsofEconomicDevelopment:ATypologyofFrench
DepartmentsDuringtheIndustrialization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
FaustinePerrinandMickaëlBenaim
10 HumanCapitalAccumulationinFranceattheDawnofthe
NineteenthCentury:LessonsfromtheGuizotInquiry. . . . . . . . . . 237
MagaliJaoul-GrammareandCharlotteLeChapelain
11 FamilyFormation,GenderandLabourDuringtheFirst
GlobalizationinMontevideo,Uruguay. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
MaríaM.Camou
12 GenderedWelfareRegimes,Work–FamilyPatternsandWomen’s
Employment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
AnneReimat
13 Mining,PaternalismandtheSpreadofEducationintheCongo
Since1920. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
DácilJuif
14 ChildAdoptioninWesternEurope,1900–2015. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333
Jean-FrançoisMignot
Chapter 1
Cliometrics of the Family: Editors’
Introduction
ClaudeDiebolt,AukeRijpma,SarahCarmichael,SelinDilli,
andCharlotteStörmer
Abstract This book contributes new ideas in order to shift the Cliometrics of the
Familyfromwhereitistowhereitoughttobe.Itisaddressedatscholarswhowant
to approach the family topic in a quantitative manner, something which a growing
number of economic and social historians have begun doing. It brings together
papersfromthesession“GlobalPatternsinFamilyStructuresandTheirImpacton
Development”heldattheWorldEconomicHistoryCongressinKyotoin2015anda
numberofotherpapersrelatedtothesubject.
Keywords Cliometrics·Family·Economicdevelopment·Economicgrowth
ThisbookcontributesnewideasinordertoshifttheCliometricsoftheFamilyfrom
whereitistowhereitoughttobe.Itisaddressedatscholarswhowanttoapproach
the family topic in a quantitative manner, something which a growing number of
economicandsocialhistorianshavebegundoing.Itbringstogetherpapersfromthe
session “Global Patterns in Family Structures and Their Impact on Development”
held at the World Economic History Congress in Kyoto in 2015 and a number of
otherpapersrelatedtothesubject.
Cliometrics isconcerned with theapplication ofmeasurementand theory tothe
studyofthepast(DieboltandHaupert2016).Itismostlyusedineconomichistory,
though it is not limited to it: “Cliometrics is, more precisely, the combination of
causalexplanationsembeddedin(economic)models,withorwithoutcounterfactual
speculation, in order to screen the relative importance of various factors, i.e., of
forces (in natural sciences) believed to have been operative in a given historical
situation” (Diebolt 2016). This volume, therefore, brings a quantitative and
C.Diebolt(*)
BETA/CNRS,UniversityofStrasbourg,Strasbourg,France
e-mail:[email protected]
A.Rijpma·S.Carmichael·S.Dilli·C.Störmer
UtrechtUniversity,Utrecht,TheNetherlands
©SpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG2019 1
C.Dieboltetal.(eds.),CliometricsoftheFamily,StudiesinEconomicHistory,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-99480-2_1
2 C.Dieboltetal.
theoreticallyinformedperspectivetothehistoricalstudyofthefamily,withspecific
attentiontothewayitinteractswithlong-termeconomicdevelopment.
Familyorhousehold?Thepresentvolumecoversboth,andwewillusetheterms
interchangeably in this introduction. The household is a key building block of
societies throughout history. Moreover, households provided a number of key
functions. For one, it was the place where production often took place (De Vries
2008). However, in this volume two other functions of the household are most
important.Firstofall,itiswherethesocialisationofthenextgenerationtakesplace.
Understanding households in the past is therefore important for understanding the
way in which persistence of culture comes about. Moreover, it means that the
behaviours observed when studying households are particularly likely to be trans-
mitted from one generation to the next, resulting in persistence of behaviour
(SpolaoreandWacziarg2013;BisinandVerdier2000).
The second important function of the household from the perspective of this
volume is that it is the place where decisions about fertility and human capital
investments of the next generation are made. Human capital formation in general
has seen a great deal of interest, but in particular there has been a great deal of
researchfromtheperspectiveofthequantity-qualitytrade-offinrecentyears.Thisis
the idea that households have to decide between having many children and giving
them little education or invest in the human capital of a small number of children.
Whilethistheoryhasbeenaroundforalongtime(Becker1960;BeckerandLewis
1973; Blake 1981), it received an impetus from the perspective of economic
history with the development of unified growth theory (Galor and Weil 2000; see
Diebolt and Perrin 2016 for a discussion from the perspective of cliometrics). The
quantity-quality trade-off has a pivotal position in this theory’s model for the
transitionfromMalthusianstagnationtosustainedeconomicgrowth.Theseinsights
have greatly stimulated the historical study of education and fertility within
households.
Besides persistence, fertility and education are indeed recurring themes in this
volume.However,thegroundcoveredbythecontributionsherearebroaderthanjust
thesetopics.Asafundamentalbuildingblockofpresenthistoricalsocieties,itisalso
animportantaspectinthehistoricalstudyofpolitics,welfare,andlabour.Reflecting
thebreadthofthetopic,thecontributionstothisvolumearethereforeveryprotean
aswell.
ClaudeDieboltandFaustinePerrinhavewrittenatheoreticalchapterwherethey
make a contribution to unified growth theory. Their basic setup of their model is
similartoGalorandWeil’s(2000)model:advancesintechnologydrivehouseholds
to have fewer children but invest more in their human capital. This brings about a
transitionfromstagnationtosustainedgrowth.DieboltandPerrin’skeycontribution
istoincludegenderequalityinthemodel.Aswomeninvestintheirhumancapital
due to skill-biased technological change, their opportunity cost of child-rearing
increases,andthisfurtherreducestheirfertility.
Inhischapter,FrancescoCinnirellareviewstheliteratureonthequantity-quality
trade-off in addition to presenting new results on this topic in nineteenth-century
Prussia. Recent literature suggests that European societies practiced birth control
1 CliometricsoftheFamily:Editors’Introduction 3
evenbeforethenineteenthcentury.Moreover,itisfoundintheliteraturethathigher
investmentsineducationdrovefertilitydecline,withanadditionalroleforthespread
of cultural norms through Europe. County-level data from Prussia for 1864–1971
suggeststhatthetrade-offbetweenfertilityandeducationalinvestmentswasinplay
inthedecisiontosendyoungchildrentokindergarten.
Stefan Öberg’s chapter is a critical review of causal identification strategies
relying on twin births in theliterature onthe quantity-quality trade-off. To do this,
hedrawsfromliteratureoncausalinference,recentcritiquesoftwinbirthIVmodels,
andasimulationtotesttheimplicationsofthisliterature.Thekeyinsightisthatsome
of the twin births would not cause the parents to exceed their desired number of
children, and this distinction means researchers should be careful with their inter-
pretationoftwinIVestimatesinthecontextofthequantity-qualitytrade-off.
Mikołaj Szołtysek, Radosław Poniat, Sebastian Klüsener, and Siegfried Gruber
investigatewhetherfamilyorganisationhashadanimpactonhumancapitalforma-
tion in historical Europe. Micro-level census data from the Mosaic Project allows
them to construct a measure of human capital through age heaping as well as a
measure of the degree of sex- and age-based inequalities within households—the
patriarchy index. They find a robust association between family organisation and
human capital accumulation, with a higher patriarchy index being associated with
lowernumeracy.
Graziella Bertocchi and Monica Bozzano discuss the literature on family struc-
turesinItalyandprovidenewdataonthistopicfor1871.Theliteraturesuggeststhat
Italy does not adhere to broad family structure classifications such as the EMP.
Bertocchi and Bozzano’s provincial-level census data, with a focus on marriage
pattern-related variables, indeed confirm that there is more heterogeneity in Italy
than suggested by the EMP. Furthermore, the data display low correlations with
historical developmental variables such as industrialisation and educational attain-
ment,buttherearestrongercorrelationswithpresent-daydata,leadingtheauthorsto
suggestthatlong-termculturaltransmissionofpreferencesforgenderequalitymight
behowfamilystructureandmarriagepatternsmatterfordevelopment.
ThechapterbyDePleijt,VanZanden,andCarmichaelinvestigatesthelong-run
relation between gender equality and economic development in Eurasia. Taking
inspiration from the New Institutional Economics, they argue that constraints on
powerholdersatthelevelofthefamilyareakeydeterminantofeconomicdevelop-
ment.Theyuseethnographicevidencetooperationalisethisideaandfindapositive
relation between their index of female friendly institutions and economic develop-
ment in the 1500–1950 period. They argue that development in this period was
concentrated in the periphery because the Neolithic Revolutions in the core of
Eurasialedtopatriarchalfamilysystems.
Intheirchapter,LauradelValleandJuanLarrosashowtheimportanceoffamily
andfamilyconnectionsforpoliticalpowerinBuenosAiresbetween1776and1810.
Their data comes from the civil registry and provides them with information on
relations between individuals and families due to marriage, godfatherhood, and so
forth. They use network analysis to confirm that connectedness was indeed
