Table Of ContentCitizenship in an Enlarging Europe
Also by Barbara Einhorn
CINDERELLA GOES TO MARKET: Citizenship, Gender and Women's
Movements in East Central Europe
CITIZENSHIP AND DEMOCRATIC CONTROL IN CONTEMPORARY EUROPE
(editor, with Mary Kaldor, Zdenek Kavan)
WOMEN AND MARKET SOCIETIES: Crisis and Opportunity (editor, with Eileen
Janes Yeo)
Citizenship in an
Enlarging Europe
From Dream to Awakening
Barbara Einhorn
Professor of Gender Studies
Department of Sociology
School of Social Sciences and Cultural Studies
University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
© Barbara Einhorn 2006
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2006978-1-4039-9840-8
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First published in 2006 by
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ISBN 978-0-230-27333-7 ISBN 978-0-230-50225-3 (eBook)
DOI 10.1057/9780230502253
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Einhorn, Barbara.
Citizenship in an Enlarging Europe: from dream to awakening / Barbara
Einhorn.
p.cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
1. Women - Europe, Eastern - Political activity. 2. Sex discrimination
against women - Europe, Eastern. 3. Sex role - Europe, Eastern. 4. Europe,
Eastern - Social conditions - 1989-I. Title.
HQ1236.5.E852E362006
305.430947'09049-dc22 2006041675
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
15 14 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 06
To Paul, for his love and support
Contents
Acknowledgements ix
1 Democratization and Reinvented National Identity:
Contradictory Trends? 1
Introduction 1
Difficulties in 'transition' 5
Gender in transformation/transforming gender 8
Gendered nationalisms 12
Feminist sightings: prospects for citizenship 14
Structure of the book 16
2 Issues of Governance:
Contested Strategies for Gender Equity 21
Introduction 21
Strategies for gender equitable citizenship 23
The role of the nation state in political representation 27
Civil society activism as political strategy 30
European Union enlargement and gender mainstreaming 33
Conclusion 40
3 Gender in Mainstream Politics: Scaling the Structures 42
Introduction 42
What counts as 'politics' and where does it occur? 44
The discursive focus on civil society 46
Gender in mainstream politics 47
Moving gender from margin to centre: the quota debate 56
Conclusion 59
4 Civil Society or NGOs: Empowerment or Depoliticization? 61
Introduction 61
Civil society and gender 64
Feminism in East-West dialogue 69
Grassroots activism 7 4
Eastern European feminism within the global context 87
Conclusion 90
vii
viii Contents
5 Family, Nation and Reproductive Politics:
Between the Private and the Public 94
Introduction 94
Debates about the public-private divide 96
Altered family and social policy models 99
Demographic shifts and the question of childcare 104
Reproductive politics and discourses of the nation 108
Conclusion 122
6 Femininities and Masculinities: Gender Re-presented 124
Introduction 124
Media images and market realities 126
Superwoman teetering on a tightrope 129
Glamour puss sweeps the market 131
Gender and national identity 136
Hegemonic femininity: a conclusion 139
7 Labour Market Access: Persistent Patterns of Inequality 144
Introduction 144
Male bias in economic restructuring? 148
Gender-unequal access to the labour market 151
Marketization and occupational segregation 156
Experiencing unemployment 163
The impact of social policy changes 166
Conclusion 169
8 Citizenship in an Enlarging Europe:
Towards Gender Equity? 171
Introduction 171
Civil society and the language of empowerment 172
Which institutional framework? 175
Citizenship: agency or capabilities, rights or entitlements? 178
Identity, differences and the capacity
for joint political strategies 186
Notes 191
Bibliography 204
Index 241
Acknowledgements
This book has been long in the gestation. It has benefited greatly from
various kinds of support, both professional and personal. The list of
those to whom I am indebted is not exhaustive. For brilliant research
and editorial assistance, perceptive readings and constructive critique as
well as warm friendship I thank Charlie Sever. ]elena Dordevic has also
contributed valuable research assistance. For invaluable help with for
matting the final product, I am particularly grateful to Mary Shiner.
Special thanks go to those scholars from the region itself who provided
key information, or read and commented on individual chapters, giving
extremely useful feedback on the accuracy of their portrayals, especially
Sandra Bitusikova, Marina Blagojevic, Kinga Lohmann, Daniela Ritossa,
Kornelia Slavova and Malgorzata Tarasiewicz. Other scholars in East and
West whose work has inspired me and whose feedback and friendship
have enriched me include Cynthia Cockburn, Irene Dolling, Cynthia
Enloe, Mary Evans, Malgorzata Fuszara, Susan Gal, Elena Gapova,
Sander Gilman, Hana Haskova, Hana Havelkova, John Holmwood,
Larissa Lisyutkina, Sonja Lokar, Jasmina Lukic, Swasti Mitter, Maxine
Molyneux, Hildegard Maria Nickel, Spike Peterson, Shirin Rai, Sasha
Roseneil, Sheila Rowbotham, Silke Steinhilber, Julia Szalai, and Nira
Yuval-Davis. I am grateful also to ]en Nelson, my editor at Palgrave
Macmillan, for editorial advice and enthusiastic feedback, to Gemma
Darcy Hughes and Clare Lawson of Palgrave, and to Vidhya]ayaprakash
of Newgen Imaging Systems for her helpful efficiency in the production
process. My very warm appreciation and gratitude goes to my steadfast
and ever insightful friend Diane Neumaier.
ix
1
Democratization and Reinvented
National Identity
Contradictory Trends?
Introduction
Others and frontiers, these are the two conceptual points
around which Europe has built its identity. ... A certain unease
follows the disappearance of the opponent, the mirror in which
Western Europe contemplated itself for so long, nurturing its
narcissism.
Ugresic', 1998a: 244, 1998b: 304
More than fifteen years have passed since the Fall of the Berlin Wall
heralded the official end of the Cold War, and with it the demise of
Western Europe's 'Other'. Central and Eastern Europe, the 'Cinderella'
societies, were to come to the ball, to be granted access to the freedoms,
the pleasures, the opportunities of West European liberal democratic
market societies. Indeed the imagery with which this process has been
depicted, especially in the case of German unification, is that of a
marriage between the materially and spiritually impoverished East (as
petitioner or would-be bride) with the affluent and morally superior
West (as the strong and protective prince).
Novelist and essayist Dubravka Ugresic' refers to the 'love between East
and West Europe', as a 'story' in which 'Eastern Europe is that sleepy,
pale beauty, although for the time being there is little prospect of an
imminent marriage' (Ugresic', 1998a: 236, 1998b: 297). Susan Gal and
Gail Kligman write of the 'Cold War shadow boxing' in which 'frequently,
the rivalry between East and West was veiled and indirect, each side
assuming instead of mentioning the other's existence as a competitive or
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