Table Of ContentUniversity Of Khartoum
The Graduate College
Department of Political Science
Title:
Christian-Muslim Relations among the Internally Displaced
Persons in Khartoum
Case of Mandela and Wad Al-Bashir Camps
Dissertation in fulfillment of M.Sc.
Degree in Political Science
By:
Salma Mohamed Abd almun’im Abdalla
Supervisor:
Prof. Mohamed Osman Abu Sag
Department of Political Science
May 2008
DEDICATION
To the people of my home country. In their rich plurality
and their diversity of cultures, races, territories, arts and beliefs. A
small stone seeks to stir a million square mile wide lake. For a day,
soon to come, when they know how to live together in peace and
tolerance.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I always thought that a beginner needs help. It, of late, proved correct that
she or he needs sympathy as well. In pleasure, when I look back through
the last two years, it appears to me that I was extremely lucky to entertain
both assistance and alliance. Those rich two years passed smoothly
because limitless help and sympathy have been offered to me by
institutions and by individuals too. I arrive now to the moment when I
feel obliged to express my gratitude to them all. Yet between tens of
those who offered me their invaluable support, I mention only a few and I
shall continue to, equally, be indebted to the others with unuttered thanks.
The institutions were the platforms where the individuals acted. The
Peace Research Institute of The University of Khartoum was the first
gateway that introduced me to the academic sphere. To its director, Dr.
Altayeb Haj Attya I present sincere thanks. The Volkswagen
Foundation’s Initiative in Sub-Saharan Africa deserves special gratitude.
Their generous funding availed the crucially needed material resources
by which a practicable research idea can come to reality. The University
of Bayreuth provided the proper scholastic climate. That respectable
school offered the due care and follow up to upgrade the skills of its
guest junior scholars. Faithfulness and loyalty are the least reward I can
offer to meet that.
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Yet to qualify for the support of the latter two bodies, The Department of
Political Science of The University of Khartoum bore the undergraduate
training that allowed me to compete for the post graduate study which the
Graduate College of The University of Khartoum admitted viable. To the
both units a sense of belonging will sustain and last for long. A parallel
feeling applies to the Government of Sudan’s Humanitarian Assistance
Commission (HAC), Ministry of Humanitarian Affairs who assisted by
information, data and camp-visits permissions.
Persons are the souls of institutions. Those individuals, whom I was
lucky enough to learn from, have willingly mixed academic guidance
with personal alliance. Of them are those of The University of Khartoum:
Professor Mohamed Osman Abu Sag put at my disposal his decade-
accumulated experience. I am proud to be a disciple of his. No other way
stands more suitable to express obligation towards his patience and
tolerance. Dr. Atta El-Battahani continued to express personal concern by
his successive gifting of comments and remarks. My appreciation to his
academic advices is never second to his personal attention. Dr. Osman
Mohamed Osman of The Department of Sociology and Social
Anthropology of the U of K linked me to a different and contributing
European academic experience that positively overtoned mine.
I am, undoubtedly obliged much to my many professors in Germany.
They patiently showed the care of the real pedagogues. Their systematic
conveyance of science left tangible improvement on the skills of their
African students of whom I was one. Dr. Franz Kogelmann, Prof. Kurt
Beck, Dr.Asonzeh Ukah, Prof. Dr. Gabriele Cappai, Prof. Ulrnich
Berner, Dr. Katarina Hofer, Dr. Sati and Dr. Jouhn Chesworth were
genuine cause devotees.
My warm feelings are spread to the dozen of African colleagues of Sharia
Debates Group. Their collective cooperation removed obstacles that in no
4
other way could be resolved. Special thanks and greetings go to Professor
Carolyn Fluehr-Lobban of Rhode Island College who trusted, believed
and encouraged me.
And to the so many other people who offered me help or whishes are my
sincere thanks. Among these are my respondents, informants and my
friends in Khartoum. More and above my dedication is shed on my
family who encouraged me to run the risk and witnessed hours and days
of anxiety and hope.
In all cases, all those who are mentioned above, are by no means
responsible of the serious faults and grave defects that might have been
unintentionally infiltrating the whole work. Such shortcomings remain
my own onus and should be remedied in future similar efforts.
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ABSTRACT
There is a tendency in the Sudan to define the Sudanese conflict
along religious lines, as Muslims versus Christians. This thesis examines
the relationship among displaced communities of different faiths and how
they consider the issues that unite or divide them.
A fundamental question is -thus-: Is religion a dividing factor in the
displaced camps? What are the concerns of displaced people about
religious relations in their daily lives? Do the government and its
institutions impose particular behavior; that is problematic to social
interaction of displaced communities?
The research findings are based on a field-work administered in
two of the largest Internally Displaced Persons (IDP) camps in Khartoum.
Namely, Mandela and Wad al-Bashir. The camps are cosmopolitan and
are a melting pot of different cultures and religions. The primary data has
been collected using the method of individual and group interviews as
well as personal observation. The researcher used Snow-ball sampling
because the population is extremely large and scattered over a large
geographical area.
This research demonstrated that, religious faith constitutes no
barrier to mutual interaction and that in real life neither Islam nor
Christianity constitutes ideological cleavages. The displaced people feel
no differences among themselves along religious lines in their daily life.
Factors of conflict hang up at the national and governmental levels. The
majority of respondents of both religions agree that religion is
manipulated as an instrument of political interest. Other factors such as
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religious institutions and community members play lesser roles in
the use of religion for other purposes.
On the contrary these religions constitute obvious differences in
formal circles, namely governmental and administrative levels, as well as
among political organizations. Here, at those levels there are barriers
between Christianity and Islam and vice versa. Frequently actors in the
political and hierarchy of society utilize religion for their own interests.
The study showed that many Christians view Public Order Laws as
critical factors in Christian/Muslim relations in the camps. Both
Christians and Muslims agree on the occurrence of conflicts between
Christians and State institutions. The reality is that the Church and the
State are frequently at odds over development policy, confiscation of
Church properties and demolition of Church buildings by the authorities
under the guise of town planning. It is also noted that inter-communal
violence is potentially eminent when a religious property is under the
threat of destruction and/or confiscation. This is the situation when
authorities of Khartoum State had confiscated Church premises and when
many important parish centers were destroyed inside and outside the IDP
camps.
The research revealed that political attitude and behavior go contrary to
the popular trends in inter-faith practice in the camp communities. The
analysis of the perceptions of Christian-Muslim relations at this level
shows that they should be valued, promoted and institutionalized by
political actors namely the governments and political parties.
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ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺪﻟﺍ ﺺﺨﻠﻣ
. ﻥﻴﻴﺤﻴﺴﻤﻟﺍ لﺒﺎﻘﻤ ﻥﻴﻤﻠﺴﻤﻟﺍ ﻱﺃ ، ﻲﻨﻴﺩﻟﺍ ﻁﺨﻟﺍ ﻩﺎﺠﺘﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻲﻨﺍﺩﻭﺴﻟﺍ ﻉﺍﺯﻨﻟﺍ ﺩﻴﺩﺤﺘ ﻰﻟﺍ ﻥﺍﺩﻭﺴﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻩﺎﺠﺘﺍ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ
ﻲ ﻓ ﺭﻅﻨﻟﺍ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻟﺍ لﻭﺎﺤﺘﻭ ﻥﺎﻴﺩﻷﺍ ﻑﻠﺘﺨﻤ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻴﺤﺯﺎﻨﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﻠﺤﻤﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻌﻤﺘﺠﻤﻟﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺔﻗﻼﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﺤﻭﺭﻁﻷﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺙﺤﺒﺘ
ﺕ ﺍﺭﻜﺴﻌﻤ ﻲﻓ ﻡﻴﺴﻘﺘ لﻤﺎﻋ ﻭﻫ ﻥﻴﺩﻟﺍ لﻫ :ﻭﻫ ﺙﺤﺒﻠﻟ ﻲﺴﺎﺴﻷﺍ لﺍﺅﺴﻟﺍﻭ .ﻡﻬﻨﻴﺒ ﻕﺭﻔﺘ ﻭﺃ ﺩﺤﻭﺘ ﻲﺘﻟﺍ ﺎﻴﺎﻀﻘﻟﺍ
ﺔ ﻤﻭﻜﺤﻟﺍ لﻫ ؟ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻴﻟﺍ ﻡﻬﺘﺎﻴﺤ ﻭ ﻡﻬﺘﺎﻗﻼﻋ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻴﺩﻟﺍ ﻥﻋ ﻥﻴﺤﺯﺎﻨﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﺎﻤﺘﻫﺍ ﻭﺃ ﻑﻭﺎﺨﻤ ﻲﻫ ﺎﻤ ؟ﻥﻴﺤﺯﺎﻨﻟﺍ
؟ﻥﻴﺤﺯﺎﻨﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻌﻤﺘﺠﻤﻟ ﻲﻋﺎﻤﺘﺠﻻﺍ لﻋﺎﻔﺘﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻟﺎﻜﺸﺇ ﻥﺃ ﻰﻟﺇ ﻱﺩﺅﻴ ﻭﺃ ﺭﺒﺘﻌﻴ ﻥﻴﻌﻤ ﻙﻭﻠﺴ ﺽﺭﻔﺘ ﺎﻬﺘﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻭ
ﻲﻓ ﺎﻴﻠﺨﺍﺩ ﻥﻴﺤﺯﺎﻨﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻜﺴﻌﻤ ﺭﺒﻜﺃ ﻥﻤ ﻥﻴﻨﺜﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻪﺘﺭﺍﺩﺇ ﺕﻤﺘ ﻱﺫﻟﺍ ﻲﻨﺍﺩﻴﻤﻟﺍ لﻤﻌﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺙﺤﺒﻟﺍ ﺞﺌﺎﺘﻨ ﺕﺴﺴﺄﺘ
.ﻥﺎﻴﺩﻷﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻓﺎﻘﺜﻟﺍ ﻑﻠﺘﺨﻤ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﺭﻬﺼﻨﺘ ﺔﻘﺘﻭﺒﻭ ﺔﻁﻠﺘﺨﻤ ﺕﺍﺭﻜﺴﻌﻤ ﻲﻫﻭ .ﺭﻴﺸﺒﻟﺍ ﺩﻭﻭ ﻼﻴﺩﻨﺎﻤ ﺎﻤﻫﻭ ﻡﻭﻁﺭﺨﻟﺍ
.ﺔﻴﺼﺨﺸﻟﺍ ﺔﻅﺤﻼﻤﻟﺍ ﺓﺍﺩﺃ ﻥﻋ ﻼﻀﻓ ﺔﻴﻋﺎﻤﺠﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺩﺭﻔﻟﺍ ﺕﻼﺒﺎﻘﻤﻟﺍ ﺏﻭﻠﺴﺃ ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺎﺒ ﺎﻬﻌﻤﺠ ﻡﺘ ﺔﻴﻟﻭﻷﺍ ﺕﺎﻨﺎﻴﺒﻟﺍ
ﺩﺩﻋ ﻥﻷ Snow-ball sampling ﺔﻨﻴﻌﻟﺍ ﺫﺨﻷ ﺏﻭﻠﺴﺄﻜ ﺔﻴﺩﻴﻠﺠﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﻜﻟﺍ ﺏﻭﻠﺴﺃ ﺙﺤﺎﺒﻟﺍ ﻡﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍ ﺕﺎﻨﻴﻌﻟﺍ ﺫﺨﺃ ﻲﻓ
.ﺔﻌﺴﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻓﺍﺭﻐﺠ ﺔﺤﺎﺴﻤ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻉﺯﻭﻤﻭ ﺔﻘﻁﻨﻤﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺭﻴﺒﻜ ﻥﺎﻜﺴﻟﺍ
ﻻ ﻭ ﻡﻼﺴﻹﺍ ﻻ ﺔﻴﻌﻗﺍﻭﻟﺍ ﺓﺎﻴﺤﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻪﻨﺃﻭ لﺩﺎﺒﺘﻤﻟﺍ لﻋﺎﻔﺘﻟﺍ ﻡﺎﻤﺃ ﺎﻘﺌﺎﻋ لﻜﺸﺘ ﻻ ﺔﻴﻨﻴﺩﻟﺍ ﺓﺩﻴﻘﻌﻟﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺭﻬﻅﺃ ﺙﺤﺒﻟﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ
ﺔ ﻴﺤﺎﻨﻟﺍ ﻥﻤ ﻡﻬﻨﻴﺒ ﺕﺎﻓﻼﺨ ﺩﻭﺠﻭﺒ ﻥﻴﺤﺯﺎﻨﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻜﺴﻌﻤ ﻲﻓ ﺱﺎﻨﻟﺍ ﺭﻌﺸﻴ ﻻ .ﺔﻴﺠﻭﻟﻭﻴﺩﻴﺃ ﺕﺎﻤﺎﺴﻘﻨﺍ لﻜﺸﺘ ﺔﻴﺤﻴﺴﻤﻟﺍ
ﻥ ﻤ ﻥﻴﺜﻭﺤﺒﻤﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﺒﻟﺎﻏ .ﻲﻤﻭﻜﺤﻟﺍﻭ ﻱﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍ ﻥﻴﺩﻴﻌﺼﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺭﻬﻅﺘ ﻉﺍﺭﺼﻟﺍ لﻤﺍﻭﻋ .ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻴﻟﺍ ﻡﻬﺘﺎﻴﺤ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻨﻴﺩﻟﺍ
ﺕ ﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻟﺍ لﺜﻤ ﻯﺭﺨﺃ لﻤﺍﻭﻋ .ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﺔﺤﻠﺼﻤﻠﻟ ﺏﻋﻼﺘ ﺓﺍﺩﺄﻜ ﻡﺩﺨﺘﺴﻴ ﻥﻴﺩﻟﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻕﻔﺘﺘ ﻥﺎﻴﺩﻷﺍ ﻑﻠﺘﺨﻤ
.ﻯﺭﺨﺃ ﺽﺍﺭﻏﻷ ﻥﻴﺩﻟﺍ ﻡﺍﺩﺨﺘﺴﺍ ﻲﻓ لﻗﺃ ﺭﺍﻭﺩﺃ ﻥﻭﺒﻌﻠﻴ ﻲﻠﺤﻤﻟﺍ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤﻟﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺀﺎﻀﻋﺃﻭ ﺔﻴﻨﻴﺩﻟﺍ.
، ﺔﻴﺭﺍﺩﻹﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﻤﻭﻜﺤﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻴﻭﺘﺴﻤﻟﺍ ﻲﻫﻭ ، ﺔﻴﻤﺴﺭﻟﺍ ﺭﺌﺍﻭﺩﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﺤﻀﺍﻭ ﻑﻼﺨ ﺔﻁﻘﻨ ﻥﻴﺩﻟﺍ لﻜﺸﻴ
ﺱ ﻜﻌﻟﺍﻭ ﻡﻼﺴﻻﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺤﻴﺴﻤﻟﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺯﺠﺍﻭﺤ ﻙﺎﻨﻫ ﺕﺎﻴﻭﺘﺴﻤﻟﺍ ﻙﻠﺘ ﻲﻓ ، ﺎﻨﻫ .ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻤﻅﻨﻤﻟﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺎﻤﻴﻓ ﻙﻟﺫﻜﻭ
ﻥ ﻴﺩﻟﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻴﻔﺘﺴﺘ ﻊﻤﺘﺠﻤﻠﻟ ﻲﻤﺭﻬﻟﺍ لﺴﻠﺴﺘﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﺕﻻﺎﺠﻤﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻠﻋﺎﻔﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻬﺠﻟﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺩﺠﺘ ﺎﻤ ﺍﺭﻴﺜﻜﻭ .ﺢﻴﺤﺼ
ﻥ ﻤ ﻡﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﻡﺎﻅﻨﻟﺍ ﻥﻴﻨﺍﻭﻗ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻭﺭﺒﺘﻌﻴ ﻥﻴﻴﺤﻴﺴﻤﻟﺍ ﻥﻤ ﺩﻴﺩﻌﻟﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻟﺍ ﺕﺭﻬﻅﺃﻭ .ﺔﺼﺎﺨ ﺢﻟﺎﺼﻤ ﻕﻴﻘﺤﺘﻟ ﺔﻴﻟﺂﻜ
ﺩ ﻭﺠﻭ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻥﻴﻤﻠﺴﻤﻟﺍﻭ ﻥﻴﻴﺤﻴﺴﻤﻟﺍ ﻥﻤ لﻜ ﻕﻔﺘﺇ .ﻥﻴﻴﺤﻴﺴﻤﻟﺍﻭ ﻥﻴﻤﻠﺴﻤﻟﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻌﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻤﺴﺎﺤﻟﺍ لﻤﺍﻭﻌﻟﺍ
ﻥ ﺄﺸﺒ ﻑﻼﺨ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﺎﻤ ﺍﺭﻴﺜﻜ ﺔﻟﻭﺩﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﺴﻴﻨﻜﻟﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻲﻫ ﺔﻘﻴﻘﺤﻟﺍﻭ .ﺔﻟﻭﺩﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﺴﺴﺅﻤﻭ ﻥﻴﻴﺤﻴﺴﻤﻟﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺕﺎﻋﺍﺭﺼ
ﻁ ﻴﻁﺨﺘ ﺭﺎﺘﺴ ﺕﺤﺘ ﺕﺎﻁﻠﺴﻟﺍ ﺏﻨﺎﺠ ﻥﻤ ﺔﺴﻴﻨﻜﻟﺍ ﻲﻨﺎﺒﻤﻠﻟ ﻡﺩﻫﻭ ﺔﺴﻴﻨﻜﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻜﻠﺘﻤﻤ ﺓﺭﺩﺎﺼﻤﻭ ، ﺔﻴﻤﻨﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﺴﺎﻴﺴ
ﻭ ﺃ / ﻭ ﺭﻴﻤﺩﺘﻠﻟ ﺩﻴﺩﻬﺘ ﺕﺤﺘ ﺔﻴﻨﻴﺩﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻜﻠﺘﻤﻤﻟﺍ ﻥﻭﻜﺘ ﺎﻤﺩﻨﻋ ﺔﻠﻤﺘﺤﻤ ﻥﻴﺘﻔﺌﺎﻁﻟﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﻑﻨﻌﻟﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺎﻀﻴﺃ ﻅﺤﻭﻟﻭ .ﻥﺩﻤﻟﺍ
ﺭ ﻴﻤﺩﺘ ﻡﺘ ﺎﻤﺩﻨﻋﻭ ﺔﻤﻬﻤﻭ ﺓﺭﻴﺜﻜ ﺔﻴﺴﻨﻜ ﻥﻜﺎﻤﺃ ﻡﻭﻁﺭﺨﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﻻﻭ ﺕﺎﻁﻠﺴ ﺕﺭﺩﺎﺼ ﺎﻤﺩﻨﻋ ﻊﻀﻭﻟﺍ ﻭﻫ ﺍﺫﻫ .ﺓﺭﺩﺎﺼﻤ
.ﺎﻴﻠﺨﺍﺩ ﻥﻴﺤﺯﺎﻨﻟﺍ ﺕﺍﺭﻜﺴﻌﻤ ﺝﺭﺎﺨﻭ لﺨﺍﺩ ﺔﻴﺸﺭﺒﻷﺍ ﺯﻜﺍﺭﻤ.
ﻥ ﺎﻴﺩﻷﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ لﻋﺎﻔﺘﻟﺍ ﺔﺴﺭﺎﻤﻤ ﻲﻓ ﻲﺒﻌﺸﻟﺍ ﻩﺎﺠﺘﻺﻟ ﺎﻓﻼﺨ ﺏﻫﺫﻴ ﻲﺴﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﻙﻭﻠﺴﻟﺍﻭ ﻑﻗﻭﻤﻟﺍ ﻥﺃ ﺔﺴﺍﺭﺩﻟﺍ ﺕﻔﺸﻜﻭ
ﻯ ﻭﺘﺴﻤﻟﺍ ﺍﺫﻫ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻥﻴﻤﻠﺴﻤﻟﺍﻭ ﻥﻴﻴﺤﻴﺴﻤﻟﺍ ﻥﻴﺒ ﺕﺎﻗﻼﻌﻟﺍ ﻡﻴﻫﺎﻔﻤ لﻴﻠﺤﺘ .ﺭﻜﺴﻌﻤﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻴﻠﺤﻤﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻌﻤﺘﺠﻤﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ
ﺎ ﻤﻫﻭ ﺔﻠﻋﺎﻔﻟﺍ ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻬﺠﻟﺍ ﺏﻨﺎﺠ ﻥﻤ ﻲﺴﺴﺅﻤﻟﺍ ﻊﺒﺎﻁﻟﺍ ﻰﻁﻌﺘ ﻥﺃﻭ ﺯﺯﻌﺘ ﻥﺃ ﺏﺠﻴﻭ ﻡﻴﻘﺘ ﻥﺃ ﻲﻐﺒﻨﻴ ﻪﻨﺃ ﺭﻬﻅﻴ
.ﺔﻴﺴﺎﻴﺴﻟﺍ ﺏﺍﺯﺤﻷﺍﻭ ﺔﻤﻭﻜﺤﻟﺍ.
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TABLE of CONTENTS
Dedication I
Acknowledgement I
Abstract V
Table of Contents VII
List of abbreviations X
Chapter One: Introduction
1-1 Statement of the Problem 1
1-2 Literature Review 2
1-3 Research Objectives 5
1-4 Research Hypothesis 6
1-5 Research Methodology 6
1-5-1 Fieldwork Report 10
1-5-2 The following tasks were effected 12
1-5-3 Challenges 12
1-5-4 Further Remarks 13
1-6 Significance and Importance of the Research 14
1-7 Theoretical Framework: 15
1-7-1 Theory on State- Society relations 15
1-7-2 The relationship between the state and society in the postcolonial 17
African states
1-8 Research Organization 17
Chapter Two: The Phenomenon of Internally Displaced Persons (IDP)
in Greater Khartoum
2-1 Introduction 19
2-2 Definition of Internally Displaced Persons: 19
2-3 Causes of the displacement 20
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