Chinese Aesthetics: Ordering of Literature, the Arts, and the Universe in the Six Dynasties

363 Pages·2004·13.611 MB·English

by  Zong-Qi Cai

ChinesAee sthetics
•••••••••••••••••••
The Orderinogf L iteratutrhee,A rts,
andt heU niversien t heS ixD ynasties
Editebdy Z ong-qCia i
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UniversoiftyH awaiP'rie ss
HONOLULU
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LibraorfCy o ngrCeastsa loging-in-DPautbal ication
Chinesaee sthe:t tihceso rderionflg i terattuhreae r,t asn,d t he
univerisnet heS ixD ynastiIee dsi tebdyZ ong-iqC ai.
p. cm.
Includiensd ex.
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1.A estheti2c.sC .h iensel iterature-220-58y9 a-nHdi stor
criticism.
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oft heC ounciolnL ibraRreys ources.
Designebdy U niversoiftH ya waiP'rie spsr oductsitoanff
PrintbeydT heM aple-VBaoiolk P ublishGirnogu p
Contents
Acknowledgments vii
ProloguAe H:i storiOcvaelr vioefwS ixD ynastiAeess thetics
ZONG-QCIA l 1
PartI :I magesa ndR epresentatiPoanisn:t ing,
.C alligraphayn,d G ardenC onstruction
1. ReplicatainodDn e ceptiionnC alligraopfth hyeS ix
DynastiPeesr iodR OBERET. H ARRIJSRT. 31
2. TheE ssaoyn P aintibnygW angW ei( 415-45i3n)C ontext
SUSABNU SH 60
3. XieH e's" SiLxa ws"o fP aintianngdT heiIrn diaPna rallels
VICTOHR.M AIR 81
4. A GoodP lacNee edN otB ea NowhereT:h eG ardeann d
UtopiaTnh oughitn t heS ixD ynastieSsH UEN-LFIUN 123
PartI I. Words and PatternPso:e trya nd Prose
5. TheU nmaskinogfT aoQ iana ndt heI ndetermionfa cy
InterpretaKtiAoNnG -SIU NC HANG 169
6. CrossiBnogu ndariTersa:n scendeanntdAs e sthetiinc s
theS ixD ynastieRsA NIHAU NTINGTON 191
v
vi Contents
7. LitaerryG amesa ndR eligiPoruastc icaett heE ndo ft he
SixD ynastieTsh:e B aguanzhPaoie msb yX iaoG anga nd
HisF ollowerFsR A<;NO;ISM ARTNI 222
PartI II.T heP arameterosfS ixD ynastiAeess thetics:
Modeso fD iscourse
8. Shishxuion yaun dt heE mergenocfeA estheStei1cf -
Consciousinnet shseC hinesTer aditioWnA l-YLEIE 237
9. Naturea ndH igherI deailnsT extosn C alligraMpuhsyi,c ,
andP aintinRgO NALEDG AN 277
10.T heC onceptuOarli giannsd A estheStiigcn ificceao nf
"Sheni"n S ixD ynastiTeesx tosn L iterataunrdPe a inting
ZONG-CQAll 310
Contributors 343
Index 347
Acknowledgments
The tene ssaycso llecitnet dh ivso l­
ume arer evisveedr sioonfsp aperpsr esentaetad n i nternatiocnoanl­
ferencoen SixD ynasties aeshtehledat tit chseU niversoiftI yl linois,
Urbana-ChampaNiogvne,m be3r-4 ,2000T.h isc onferewnacsea sequel
toa confereonncL ei uX ie'Wse nxidni aolo(nTgh eL iteraMriyn da nd
theC arvinogfD ragonhse)l tdh reyee aresa rliaesri ,ts oughttoa ddress
'
variotuhse oreqtuiecstiroaniss aetdt hacto nfereinn cteh eb roadceorn ­
textosfS ix Dynastiaeess thetaincdcs u lturThee.c onferenwcaesg en­
erousfulnyd edb yt heC olleogfeL iberAarlt asn dS cienctehse,C enter
forE astA siaann dP acifiSct udieasn,dt heD epartmeonftE astA sian
Languagaensd C ulturUensi,v ersoiftI yl linTohiesR .e searBcoha rdo f
theU niversoiftI yl linporiosv idae gdr anfto rh irian ggr aduastteu dent
toa ssiisntt hep reparatoifto hni vso lumea,sw elals a publicatsiuobn­
ventiognr antI.na ddititoona cknowledgtihnefig n ancisaulp porotf
thesien stitutIi mounsst,e xpremsys gratittuodm ey colleagsuteus­,
dentsa,n dt hes taafft I llinIonip sa.r ticuIl wairs,ht ot hanPkr ofessor
GeorgTe. Y u,t heC enteDri rectfoorrh, i sv aluable guainddas nucpe­
portT.o my wifeJ,i nLgi aoI,a m immenseglrya teful hefroi rn dispens­
ableh elpd urintgh ec onefrencTeh.e conefrencael sboe nefitefrdo m
thep articipoaftP iroonf essDoorusg laAs. K ibbeoef t heU niversoift y
IllinWooilsf,g anKgu bino ft heU niversoiftB yo nn,B ernhard Fuehrer
oft heU niversoiftL yo ndonT,s 'aTis ung-yaonfgN ationTaaliw an
NormaUln iversaintdyo ,t hesrc holars.
Allc ontributtoot rhsi vso lumwei sht ot hanRko berFto rdC am.,
panyo fI ndiaUnnai versaintdya na nonymourse adefro rt heiirn sight­
ful commentasn ds uggestiWoen asr.e p articulianrdleyb tteodP atricia
Crosbye,x ecutievdei toorft heU niversoiftH ya wai'Pir essf,o rh er
enthusiassutpipco arntd p roefssiogrtuaild ance.
vii
Prologue
A HistoricOavle rvieowf S ix
DynastiAeess thetics
Zong-qCia i
Aftecre nturiinew sh ichi tp layeadt
besat s ubordinraotlete o h istoriogrsaopchiyo,p olitthiecoaralyn ,d p hi­
losophy, aeisntqhueitfirinyca lleym ergeidn t heS ixD ynasti(e2s2 0-
589)a sa distinicntd,e pendceonntc ernA.l!t hougChh ineslei terdaitdi
notb egitno d isculsist eraatnudrt eh ea rtisn t heiorw nr ighutn tiela rly
int het hircde nturbyy, t hee ndo ft hes ixtche nturtyh eirre flections
woulde volvien tao s ophisticsaytsetdeo mf a esthedtiiscc oucrhsaer ac­
terizbeydi t,so Wrnh etorciocn,c epatnsd,e valuatcirviet eria.
LikeW esterna esthettihcasot,f t heS ixD ynastiiesos ft ens ilent
aboutt hee thicsaolc,i opoliatnidcu atli,l itarYieatin t.w 2a sp recisely
thesfeac tortsh amta dei tbsi rtahn dr apigdr owtpho ssibIlnep .a rticular,
ther isoef a na ristocrlaittiecrc autlit uarftee rt hec ollaposfte h eH an
dynast(y2 06B .c.-2A2.0D w.a)s c ruciTahle.e volutoiofsn u cha cul­
turweo uldm oreo rl esssh apteh et rajecotfoS riyxD ynastiaeess thetics.
Fort harte asoints, e emuss efutlo l ooakt h owa ristoccrualttiucir nefl u­
encedt heW ei-Ji(nL,i uS)o ng,a ndQ i-Lianpge riodess,p eciaalsl y
exemplifibeydw orkdsi scussientd h et ene ssaaysss emblheedr eA.s3 I
examinteh ec ommon concernsa ndt hemesin t hesweo rksI, w ill
addretshs el argiesrs uoef a estheitdieca flosr th esep erioadnsd c on­
sidehro wt hosied eamlasy b et racetdod ieffrenpth ilosophical sources.
2 ZONG-QCIAI
Wei-JAiens thetics
TheW ei-Jpierni owdin tessaenud n precedeexnptleodos fii ontne irne st
aesthmeattitc.eT rhsirse flecatp erdo foturnadn sforomfa泣t起iinotne l­
ligen(tss士hi)i企ao mimportpalnatyin e trhspe o litaircetanoald etached
articsotnsn，oe iusrassn，dt heoroifls ittse raantdtu hraeer ts.
Int hHea nd yntays，t hien tellihgaeden mtesrigaae sad c lapsosw ­
erfueln outgohr ivtahlee u nuc(hhsu an宜g官u)aanndt hree latoifv es
impercioanls 仙o似rψt.s外戚).Thea scendoafn ctiyhn et ellicgaemnet sia
aboufrto m Hacno urpto liwchyi，c who rketdop romoCtoen fucian
scholaarnsdeh vieptn o s ecuhriego hffi cipaolts sf oCro nfucisacnh ol­
ar.sF ort hHea ni ntellipgoewnetarsn idi an，fl uewnecreoe b tainianb le
two way.sS omec apitaolnit zheeld a cokfp ubleidcu cattiomo ank e
由eiorwn househeoxlcdlsu sive cCeonntfuecrissat nuf doIyrn. 由 at
fashio也ne，ytriteodm onopolCioznefu cisacnh olaarnsdhh iepn ce
en甘iynt。o但 cioaml.dOvetri mtehe， sheo usehboelcmdaesd ef acto
aristoacsrh aitg0ih血c c ipaoslitiwoenrspe a ssoend froomn eg enera­
tiotno由 enexOtt.h eress，pc ieatlholsya es osciawtie由dt hiemperial
academgya，i niendfl l.lenforcme therierp utaitniP ounr eC ritique
(qin清g議y)i， al atHea nf orumd esigtnoee xdp opsoel itciocrarlu ption
anda sstehsmeso raslt atoufcr oeu 。r但tc lisaT.heP urCer itimqeume­
bers一oftceanllmeidn g名s士h，iorf maouss chaorls-wporna iasstl曰e
“purset rea(miq"n g清l流i)uf otrh emiorr aclo urawghei，tl he“e i ntelli­
gentcsliaan( ss"h 士i族z)uearnetdh nea m“et ursgtirde a(mz"hi u濁uol
流)becauosfet hepiorl itoipcptaoulrn iasnmdc o叮upprtaicct.e4s
The eonftd h Hea nd ynasptryo foutnrdalnys fobromtgehrd o su.p
Asa resuolftt h Ger eaPtr oscri(p甸t甸i伊o兌n鋼s) ，mosotft hmea ojr
vocieisnt he PCurriet iwqeurseei lenacspe odl，i tdiicsascliu ostnu rned
詛toap eriloauffasi Trh.e s uppreosfsd iioesnnsb ty t he rJuilneo rnsl y
madem attewrossre Y.e tt hleo ftiyd eoaftl h Hea nm ingrsehfueisd t o
di.eD uritnhgZe h engrsehii(g 2n4 -2048a)n ，e wg rouopfm inglsehdi ，
byH eY an何晏 (ca1.09-429a)n d WaBni王g粥 (226-249f)ou，nded
thPeu rCeo nvers(aqtiinog清nt談 )anmovemeAnvto.i dcionngt empo­
raryp oilitcs也，eZhengsmhiin gfsochuis eodna bstrcaocstm oilcoagl
questainodne ss tablXiusahnexd玄u e學的bstruLseearτlÏnbga)s eond
thrteeex 由tesL:aZoi 老子，出e ZhuaZ莊ni于g， andt heY ij i易n經g
(BoookfC hanegs.)T owartdh ee ndo ft heZ hengpsehrii ao nde，w
grouopfm ingskn衍"own thaseS eveSnag eso ft heB ambooG rove，
transfoArbmsetdr use Lienatrn ing
Prologue 3
Unli吐lkeeiprredescoer也sse，yopenly flCoonufutceidma onr alaintyd
indulignue ndr estreamionteiddor nu，郎 ， awnidn aed ;i sintepruers­ted
suiotft haer tasn;da q uestp hfyosrii cmamlo rtaalswi e旬la，lss piritual
communiwoin曲曲 eDao.T ot hpee poloeft heti詛rl (enolte a也setJin
rule，ra slo)lf t heoiurt lanbdeihsahv sieomere da calculpartoetde st
agaisntsatt oen-ssoprCeodn fuciraint sumaP.lri edict也aeJbilrnyu ，lers
quicmkolvye tdo s uppsrste hBe ambooG rovmei ng(sZhhiu mliinng shi
竹林名士).前leexecuotfi也oenil reard，e KJain g稽康(22-2362a)n，d
thseu bmisosfXi ioann Xgi 向u秀 (ca2.2-1ca3.0 0t)o也 eJicno uirtn
也esamyee amra rnko t otnhleeyn do ft herierb elbluitao lnst，oh een d
ofa nyp ublmiocr aclo ncsienacswe e lFlo.rt hnee xste vehruanld red
yeartsh，ew roeu lbden om ormei nglsihkJiieK angw hod aretdoc on­
fronatc orrupt， rgeopvreernsmseainnvtdpe r ovmiodrea lleeardshfiorp
scoietIyn.s t吐leeadJ，ini ntellicg1eannbtsesa cimae d ominaunntt il
supersedbeyda newi ntelliwgheonh tasdri ias freonm 由e“humble
c1an(sh"a 寒n族z)utob ecomteh reo yfanilall ieosfS ongQi，a， n dL iang.
Togethtehersg，er ouwposu lfdos tearna ristolcirtaetriact i culture that
wasf，o arl iltI直 so radlefepcat討sic，u lafraolvyrabtloae eth seitc.s
Tos eheo wt hie ntellicg1eanvntissr itaum aolnloyp ol也iezaerdts
dunrig tJh血，ew en eeodn ltyol ooakt由 eWangc 1aonfL angy嘟e嘟
(Shand.oT nhga)nktso也 epolitaicccaolm plisohfmW eanntgDs a o
王 導 (2763-93)h，ifsa miblecya mper eemianleonnwtig 曲 曲eXie謝
famiolfCy h enC ommande陳r郡yin Hendaunr itnhgEe a stJenirn. A
quilcko oakt由 eWangg enealtorgaycb eySd u sna Bursehv eaal losn g
linoefn otecda llpihger.raI6sn e ffec也te，Wangpsr actimcaadlcela yl lig­
raphayne xc1ufsaimvieel nyt perirsEev.e wnh ent hepiorl itpiocw叫er
diminiasftheetrdh ef alolf 也Je姐，也eycontintuowe ide lcdu ltural
influeunpct eh rou也且eLiandgy nasOtfy也.e latgeern eratthieo n，
most promiWnaenngtW e王air微e (415-453W)a，ngS engq王i僧an
虔 (42-7485)a，ndW angR on王g融 (46-849.4S)ignifictahne旬ay，re
bettkenro wfno wrh at twhreoyta eb oupta intcianlgrl，ai pghmyu，s ic，
andp oetrtyh afno trh eir accompilnti hsseeha mr.et7nst s
Ass haepdb y也eWangsX，i easn，d o thpeorw ercfu1la nJsic，nu l­
turree presaes nutpse rfiicmiiatlao tfi也oecno untercoufBl atmuboroe
Grovmei nsghBiu.tw heretahseB ambooG rovmei nglsihkieK aJnig
andR uanJ ir epresetnhte“epdu rset reatmh，se"ec 1ancse rtainly
belontgoe也de “tursgtirde位onft" hme ingtsrhaid ictriiotni，
4 ZONG-QICAI
thBea mbooG rovmei ngssohuig hctr etaoat nie c onsotcmilocav ement，
由eJimni ngismhiit aotfii otwn a sl itmtolrete h aanfl amboypaenrt­
formainncm ea nnedrrsse，s d，e ptomrenvte，r bal anfldaa，ib ro，va el l，
dethamcent-pae rformancet ode enshiagnsnccoeeid da ils tinction.
Froma s oicooplitpiercsacplte iJviemn，i ngcsuh1it uret rliovoikasl ，
sle-faobrsbeadn，di ndulgBeuntft o.tr h dee velopomfae enstt heitti cs，
wasp rofousnidglnyi fiEcsaesnntt.i atlhlJeyi m，n ingpslhaica ebds truse
leamilnigt，e raatnudtr heae， r tast由 ecentoefr theiTrh eslepi ufre­.
suiitnsv oltvheJedi mni ngisnh diao ubrloela esp erforamnedsr ps ec­
tart.so By obesrvatoifoo nn ea not'hse“rlei pferfonrcmsea，位l"ey
cultivaanat eesdthaeptpirce ci也aattwiooun1lda tbeear p pltioel di ter­
atuarned atrhteMs o.r eov也eirsm，utuoabls ervaatnidao pnp reciation
gavresi et ot hem ingcsohtie roire“ssl ao"n stow homt heoretical
reflectoinlo intse raantdtu hraee口 swoulbdea dderssed.
Ofa ll ttehxaetb so uttheW eiJ-ipne ri也oedS，hisxhiuno世y 說u新
語(ANewA ccouonfTt a leosft hWeo r1dc)o，m pia1reodu 4n3d 0b y
LiuY iqi劉n義g慶 (40-3444p)r，ovitdhemes o scto mplpeitcet oufr e
the mJiinng slihpfiee'r sf onrcemsaM.o sotf i ttsh irtcyh-aspitxde erpsi ct
prominmeenmtb erst hJeoi fmn i ngwsih也it，hre emainddeevro tteod
famofiugusr eosft hHea nW，e ia，n d( LiSuo)n gM.o setn triinee asc h
chapftolelro awc ommofnor maatq :u otaotfic oonn versarteimoanrakls
bym ingfisghuirf ersa mbeyda p itahnyd i mpressieovnailsutaoitfci on
thcee ntral actor.
Focusoinn出ge Jimni ngesnh甘ii Weasi，-yLeide e monsttrhaet es
debotft hSe hisxhiunoty otu h eea r1diiesrc ouorfPs uersCe r itiaqnude
PurCeo nversaItnisaooranf s.i tesn trfioceusso nt heo bservatoifo ns
indivicdhuaarla cttheibrsos o，rk e presaec notnst inuoaftt hipeor na c­
ticoefe valuacthianrga bcetgeurbn y P urCer iqtui.eB uti nosafra si t
enshrthieni edse aolfDs a oidsettc hamenatst hbea sic crjiutdegr­ia for
inbge havipoerrfamolar ncieti， ss quarientl hyte r adiotfPi uornCe o n­
versaatnidoi nnf acti sc onsidbeyr emda ansya later osf也tIaSge
phi1osodpihosiuccreas.Tl h issh i企立ominnmeorr aqlu alittobi eehsa v­
iorpaelr mfaorncLei，e mphasiczoersr，e sptooan s dhsii 丘nunder1ying
princfriopmlC eosn fucipaonl itaicctailvt ioDs amo idsett achment.
Lia lseox platihneis m portdainefftr encbeest wetehneS hishuo
xinaynude ard1iys ceosuor fPs urCer itiaqnude PCuornev ers1ant ion.
由eShisxhiun，oyt huoeb sveartiaonnde valuaotfii nodni viadruneao lts
intenadse“ dr oemcmendatfioorn so ffi(ccehs察"句' u舉)T.hus tihse re
lit旭ttleereisnta ssseisntgh epo litaicccapollm ishmoefnp tasr ticular
Prologue 5
indivail.dsN uori st heraene ndeatvooe rs tabgleinseh可rr paelsof
humatne mperaamnedn t abialsLi ituSi hea劉so胡 (也24-025)0had
donine R enwzhu人i 物誌 (SutdioensH umanAb ilsi.)tS iiemiltarhley ，
abundparnets eonfAc bes trLuesaem iindge iants h Seh ishxuio: d砂oues
noitn dicate aonny也 eipnatroetfer ietsh也tee aru血or由oerJimni均 ­
shiinc ontinHueiY nagna ndW angB i'sa bstrpuhsoiesol phiscpeaclu ­
latiTohne.ri esi nf catL，i n oteasd ，e libemraartgein aloifzW aatnigo n
凹，GuoX ia郭n象g (d3.1)2，a ndo theearr Pluyr Ceo nversationalists
int hSe hisxhiyunuoWh. a tr eailn1tye rLeistue Ydi wqaishn ogw t hJei n
mingtsrhain slAabtsetdrL uesaem iindge ianst uon convenmtoidoensal
ofs peeacnhdb e havmieoarnf toa re sthaeptpirce cibayot tihoenr s.
Thiase sthetiocfiA zbasttirLouensa em iindge aLsip， o inotusti ，s
evidenbcyw ehda t thmei nJgiascnht iu asila1day b ouate sthoebtesircv a­
tio(nm 目uorti題m目u)，asw el扭1曲 eformaotft hSeh isxhiu砂oInu .
eacehn 位比theirsee ithaener }中 liocbiestrv(etrh ien terloocftu hteo r
farminnga rratoirav nei )m pliocbeisrtv (eiren n trwiheesrt eh frea ming
narraitsiqv iees pnsewdi thp)l eraasbulwya tchian“gp uraee sthetic
speclteau"cn ofldT.y picaslu1cyah， s pectaicslo en eo f“ momentary
brinlcle"i ，adaa zzldiinsgp latyha ep opfe aradne白pt，omrenwti，ta ，n d
Daoidsett achomfetnhiten divicdhuaarla cotebrs(esrv)e d.
Sin也ciesheightpeenrecde potfhi uomna cnh aracitspe urrsea leys ­
由侃起，Lim aintaiitin sns o，st u rpri由saitmnagnyo ft heamr dee picted
Wl也 astrionfng a tuirmea giensd epenodfme onrtac lo nceUmnsl.i ke
them oralmiesttaipch oorbr dis比e 德 (analoogfmu oers吋此aules)wide1y
used ebayr lCioenrfu cian-mwirnidteetdrhe ssn，ea tuirmea gdeosn ot
illusatnrya tdee fimnoirtaqelu alibtuitse ism pcloyn v也eeyineffable
beauotfmy a nnearcst，i aonndth， o ughTth.e ayl so cotnhnieon ttee nse
aesthpelteiacs duerrei vforemd o besrvihnugm acnh aracttherrosu gh
thper isomfb eauMtoyr.e ovbeyrc ，on veytihniegd ealdse toafc hment
(x虛u)p，uri(tiqyn清 g)a，ndr emontees(ysu an遠)也，eyoftefunn ction
tos uggwehsatlt i ebesy ownodr dasn di mages-supraesxepnesroir­y
encwei t也heDaoT.h iuss oef n atuirmea gesηugge血sattts，o出eJin
mingtsh衍"sep ectoafhc ulmea lni faen ds cenoefns a tuyriee i1ndt ense
aestheextpiecr ieonfac seism iklianrd。 ，自 由atculmin扭a曲tees
observ、epri旭rtirtansceannddhi inbsgo dilfyo rbm eingt ransported
(shenxcihnagy神ou超 e形越)."0τ1ú1s progrefsrsoismop noe knw o