Chemistry And Energy From Conventional To Renewable De Gruyter 2022

2003·2.12 MB·english

by  De Gruyter Textbook

MarkAnthonyBenvenuto
ChemistryandEnergy
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Mark Anthony Benvenuto
Chemistry
and Energy
From Conventional to Renewable
Author
Prof.Dr.MarkAnthonyBenvenuto
DepartmentofChemistryandBiochemistry
UniversityofDetroitMercy
4001W.McNicholsRd.
Detroit,MI48221-3038
UnitedStatesofAmerica
[email protected]
ISBN978-3-11-066226-9
e-ISBN(PDF)978-3-11-066227-6
e-ISBN(EPUB)978-3-11-066233-7
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2021944975
BibliographicinformationpublishedbytheDeutscheNationalbibliothek
TheDeutscheNationalbibliothekliststhispublicationintheDeutscheNationalbibliografie;
detailedbibliographicdataareavailableontheInternetathttp://dnb.dnb.de.
©2022WalterdeGruyterGmbH,Berlin/Boston
Coverimage:1715d1db_3/iStock/GettyImagesPlus
Typesetting:IntegraSoftwareServicesPvt.Ltd
Printingandbinding:CPIbooksGmbH,Leck
www.degruyter.com
Contents
Chapter1
Introduction 1
1.1 History 1
1.1.1 Theearliestconversionofmaterialstoenergy 1
1.1.2 Solar 2
1.1.3 Waterwheels 3
1.1.4 Wind 3
1.2 Theindustrialrevolution 4
1.2.1 Thehumanpotentialandcost 5
1.3 Industrializednations 5
1.4 Energyandqualityoflife 6
1.4.1 Automotivetransport 7
1.4.2 Masscommunication 8
1.4.3 Theinternet 9
1.4.4 Creaturecomforts 10
References 11
Chapter2
Coal 12
2.1 Introduction,history,geographiclocations 12
2.2 Gradesandcombustionofcoal 13
2.3 “Clean”coal 15
2.4 Coalfires 16
2.5 Thecycleofcarbon 17
2.6 Coalemissionsandclimatechange 18
References 19
Chapter3
Oilandnaturalgas 21
3.1 Introduction 21
3.2 Geographiclocations 21
3.3 Sweetandsourcrude 23
3.4 Naturalgas 24
3.4.1 Naturalgasandpowergeneration 24
3.4.2 Transportationandnaturalgas 24
3.4.3 Householduseofnaturalgas 25
3.4.4 Syngas 25
3.4.5 Naturalgasandfertilizer 25
3.5 Refining 26
3.5.1 Desalting 26
VI Contents
3.5.2 Distillation 26
3.5.3 Hydrotreatingorhydroprocessing 26
3.5.4 Crackingorhydrocracking 27
3.5.5 Coking 27
3.5.6 Visbreaking 27
3.5.7 Steamcracking 27
3.5.8 Catalyticreformers 28
3.5.9 Alkylation 28
3.5.10 IsolationofC1,ornaturalgasfraction 29
3.5.11 Recoveryofsulfurby-products 29
3.6 Transportationfueluse 30
3.7 Nonfueluseandby-products 31
3.8 Recyclingplasticsforfuelforpowergeneration 32
3.9 Thepoliticsofoilandnaturalgas 35
References 37
Chapter4
Biofuels 43
4.1 Introduction–bioethanol 43
4.1.1 Starchsources 43
4.1.2 Cellulosicethanol 45
4.1.3 Nontraditionalsources 46
4.2 Biobutanol 48
4.3 Biodiesel 49
4.3.1 Vegetablesources 50
4.3.2 Animalsources 50
4.4 Futureandchallenges 51
References 51
Chapter5
Nuclearpower 53
5.1 Nuclearpower–introduction 53
5.2 Nuclearfission 53
5.2.1 Reactionchemistry 54
5.2.2 Fromoretofuelrods 54
5.2.3 Nuclearwaste 56
5.2.4 Nuclearpowerplantoperations 57
5.2.5 Nuclearpoweraccidents 58
5.3 Thorium-basedpower 58
5.4 Nuclearfusion 60
5.4.1 Tokamak 61
References 61
Contents VII
Chapter6
Hydropower 63
6.1 Dams–introduction 63
6.1.1 Damrequirements 63
6.1.2 Damlocationsworldwide 64
6.2 Run-of-riverhydropower 66
6.3 Tidalpower 67
6.3.1 Tidalpowerdesigns 68
6.3.2 Areasoflargetidaldifference 70
6.4 Wavepower 71
6.5 Thermocline,oceanthermalenergyconversion 72
6.5.1 OTECplantdesign 72
6.5.2 Chemicalrequirements,heattransfer 73
6.5.3 Constructionandmaintenancechallenges 73
References 74
Chapter7
Geothermalenergy 76
7.1 Geothermalenergy–introduction 76
7.2 Geographiclocations 76
7.3 Typesofgeothermalpowerplants 78
7.3.1 Drysteampowerplants 79
7.3.2 Flashsteampowerplants 79
7.3.3 Binarycyclepowerplants 80
7.4 Residentialgeothermalenergy 81
7.4.1 Heatpumps 81
References 82
Chapter8
Solarpower 83
8.1 Solarpower–introduction 83
8.2 Solarphotovoltaics(PVs) 83
8.2.1 Photovoltaicfunction 84
8.2.2 Photovoltaicmaterialsources 85
8.3 Concentratedsolarpower(CSP) 86
8.3.1 Fresnelreflectors 87
8.3.2 Parabolictroughs 87
8.3.3 Solarpowertower 88
8.3.4 Stirlingengine 89
8.3.5 HouseholdCSP 91
8.4 Thermalgradient–wind/solarupdrafttowers 91
References 92
VIII Contents
Chapter9
Windpower 95
9.1 Introduction 95
9.2 Geography 95
9.2.1 Windfarms 96
9.2.2 Offshorewindpower 98
9.3 Turbinedesigns 99
9.3.1 Verticaldesign 100
9.3.2 Darrieusturbines 101
9.3.3 Airbornedesigns 101
9.3.4 Others 101
9.4 Convectivetowers 102
9.4.1 Downdrafttower 102
9.4.2 Householdsolarchimney 103
9.5 Materialsrequirements 103
References 104
Chapter10
Energystorage 106
10.1 Energystorage–introduction 106
10.2 Batterytypes 106
10.2.1 Lead-acidbatteries 109
10.2.2 Zinc-manganesedioxidecell 110
10.2.3 NiCadbatteries 111
10.2.4 Nickel–metalhydridebatteries 111
10.2.5 Silveroxidebatteries 112
10.2.6 Mercurybatteries 112
10.2.7 Lithiumbatteries 113
10.2.8 Otherbatterycouples 114
10.3 Materialsourcingandrecyclingforbatteries 114
References 117
Chapter11
Energyharvesting 119
11.1 Energyharvesting–introduction 119
11.2 Potentialareasforharvesting 119
11.2.1 Traditionalharvesting 119
11.2.2 Bicycles 120
11.2.3 Personalbackpacks,walkingoptions 121
11.2.4 Piezoelectriceffectpossibilities 121
Contents IX
11.2.5 Stairsorrugs 122
11.2.6 Otherpossibilities 122
11.3 Thefutureofenergyharvesting 123
References 123
Chapter12
Energyandclimatechange 125
12.1 Introduction 125
12.2 Typesandsourcesofgreenhousegases 126
12.2.1 Carbondioxide(CO ) 126
2
12.2.2 Methane(CH ) 127
4
12.2.3 Nitrousoxide(N O) 127
2
12.2.4 Ozone 128
12.2.5 Chlorofluorocarbons 128
12.3 Governmentalpolicies 129
12.3.1 Taxincentives 130
12.3.2 Regulations 130
12.4 Publicperceptionsandopinion 130
References 131
Index 135