Chemistry: An Atoms First Approach

1153 Pages·2011·112.15 MB·English

by  Steven S. Zumdahl

Noblegases 188A 2He4.003 10Ne20.18 18Ar39.95 36Kr83.80 54Xe131.3 86Rn(222) 118Uuo nmetals 71Lu175.0 103Lr(260)
Halogens 177A 9F19.00 17Cl35.45 35Br79.90 53I126.9 85At(210) 117Uus no 70Yb173.0 102No(259)
166A 8O6.00 16S2.07 34Se8.96 52Te27.6 84Po209) 69Tm68.9 101Md258)
1 3 7 1 ( s 1 (
al
155A 7N4.01 15P0.97 33As4.92 51Sb21.8 83Bi09.0 115Uup met 68Er67.3 100Fm257)
1 3 7 1 2 1 (
s 144A 6C12.01 14Si28.09 32Ge72.59 50Sn118.7 82Pb207.2 114Uuq 67Ho164.9 99Es(252)
ent 133A 5B10.81 13Al26.98 31Ga69.72 49In114.8 81Tl204.4 113Uut 66Dy162.5 98Cf(251)
em 12 30Zn65.38 48Cd112.4 80Hg200.6 112Cn(285) 65Tb158.9 97Bk(247)
l
E 11 29Cu3.55 47Ag07.9 79Au97.0 111Rg272) 64Gd57.3 96Cm247)
e 6 1 1 ( 1 (
f th 10 28Ni58.69 46Pd106.4 78Pt195.1 110Ds(271) 63Eu152.0 95Am(243) nion
U
o 9 27Co8.93 45Rh02.9 77Ir92.2 109Mt268) 62Sm50.4 94Pu244) nal
e 5 1 1 ( 1 ( o
Tabl 8on metals 26Fe55.85 44Ru101.1 76Os190.2 108Hs(265) 61Pm(145) 93Np(237) e Internati
odic 67Transiti 2425CrMn2.0054.94 4243MoTc5.94(98) 7475WRe83.9186.2 106107SgBh263)(264) 5960PrNd40.9144.2 9192PaU231)238.0 mended by th
i 5 9 1 ( 1 ( m
r o
Pe 5 23V50.94 41Nb92.91 73Ta180.9 105Db(262) 58Ce140.1 90Th232.0 em rec
st
Alkalineearth metals11A 1H21.0082A 34LiBe6.9419.012 111234NaMg22.9924.31 19202122KCaScTi39.1040.0844.9647.88 37383940RbSrYZr85.4787.6288.9191.22 55565772CsBaLa*Hf132.9137.3138.9178.5 878889104†FrRaAcRf(227)(223)226(261) *Lanthanides †Actinides up numbers 1–18 represent the syure and Applied Chemistry.
oP
slatem ilaklA Grof
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c
miss 29 471 496 960999962079 69409788909430913822
AtoMa 45]31]2622]86.02.72]85.01.61]50.44.63]78.28.07.22.87.32.80.98]27.58.04.32.68.18.47.83.38.50.31.73.88.65.91.
1222112 121 2 1 1[112211 12 11
[[ [ [ [ [
mic ber 118655174421644718633251090242340900
AtoNum 6 9 8 8 7 411 3 410 6 210 3 1 4 1 3 1 7 4 5 6 8 9 6 5 2 7 9 2 5 7 3 3 4
ol
mb PmPaRaRnReRhRgRbRuRfSmScSgSeSiAgNaSrSTaTcTeTbTlThTmSnTiWUVXeYbYZnZr
y
S
e.
Element PromethiumProtactiniumRadiumRadonRheniumRhodiumRoentgeniumRubidiumRutheniumRutherfordiumSamariumScandiumSeaborgiumSeleniumSiliconSilverSodiumStrontiumSulfurTantalumTechnetiumTelluriumTerbiumThalliumThoriumThuliumTinTitaniumTungstenUraniumVanadiumXenonYtterbiumYttriumZincZirconium gest-lived isotop
n
o
e l
ses* Atomic Mass 97.078.565]4.00364.91.00814.826.992.255.8583.8038.960]07.26.941975.024.3154.9468]58]00.695.9444.220.1837]58.6992.9114.0159]90.216.0006.430.9795.144]09]39.1040.9 mass of th
s 11[2 1 111 1[22 1 [2[22 1 [2 [21 1 1[2[2 1 e
ic Ma Atomic Number 79 72108 2 67 1 49 53 77 26 36 57103 82 3 71 12 25109101 80 42 60 10 93 28 41 7102 76 8 46 15 78 94 84 19 59 es denotes th
m es
h
nt
Ato Symbol AuHfHsHeHoHInIIrFeKrLaLrPbLiLuMgMnMtMdHgMoNdNeNpNiNbNNoOsOPdPPtPuPoKPr n in pare
e
f v
o gi
m e
Table Element GoldHafniumHassiumHeliumHolmiumHydrogenIndiumIodineIridiumIronKryptonLanthanumLawrenciumLeadLithiumLutetiumMagnesiumManganeseMeitneriumMendeleviumMercuryMolybdenumNeodymiumNeonNeptuniumNickelNiobiumNitrogenNobeliumOsmiumOxygenPalladiumPhosphorusPlatinumPlutoniumPoloniumPotassiumPraseodymiu §ble. A valu
si
s
o
p
Atomic Mass §227]26.98243]121.839.9574.92210]137.3247]9.012209.0264]10.8179.90112.440.08251]12.01140.1132.9035.4552.0058.93285]63.55247]271]262]162.5252]167.3152.0257]19.00223]157.369.7272.59 es where
[ [ [ [ [ [ [ [[[ [ [ [ ur
g
fi
mic ber 93518356743755808685747296056983097412 cant
AtoNum 8 1 9 5 1 3 8 5 9 810 3 4 2 9 5 5 1 2 211 2 91110 6 9 6 610 8 6 3 3 gnifi
si
ur
o
ymbol AcAlAmSbArAsAtBaBkBeBiBhBBrCdCaCfCCeCsClCrCoCnCuCmDsDbDyEsErEuFmFFrGdGaGe are to f
S e
er
h
n
m e
Element ActiniumAluminumAmericiumAntimonyArgonArsenicAstatineBariumBerkeliumBerylliumBismuthBohriumBoronBromineCadmiumCalciumCaliforniumCarbonCeriumCesiumChlorineChromiumCobaltCoperniciumCopperCuriumDarmstadtiuDubniumDysprosiumEinsteiniumErbiumEuropiumFermiumFluorineFranciumGadoliniumGalliumGermanium The values giv
*
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Chemistry: An Atoms First Approach © 2012, Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning
Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl
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Chemistry
An Atoms First Approach
Steven S. Zumdahl
University of Illinois
Susan A. Zumdahl
University of Illinois
m
Shutterstock.co
Pietruszka/ Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States i
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To the Professor iii
c o n t e n t s
To the Professor ix CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS Thin Is In 64
2.3 The Atomic Spectrum of Hydrogen 66
To the Student xv
CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS Fireworks 68
Review Measurement and 2.4 The Bohr Model 68
2.5 The Quantum Mechanical Model of the Atom 73
Calculations in Chemistry
1
2.6 Quantum Numbers 76
R.1 Units of Measurement 2 2.7 Orbital Shapes and Energies 77
R.2 Uncertainty in Measurement 4 2.8 Electron Spin and the Pauli Principle 80
R.3 Signifi cant Figures and Calculations 7 2.9 Polyelectronic Atoms 80
R.4 Dimensional Analysis 11 2.10 The History of the Periodic Table 82
CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS Critical Units! 12 2.11 The Aufbau Principle and the Periodic Table 85
R.5 Temperature 15 2.12 Periodic Trends in Atomic Properties 91
R.6 Density 18 2.13 The Properties of a Group: The Alkali Metals 96
R.7 Classifi cation of Matter 19 CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS Potassium—Too Much
of a Good Thing Can Kill You 99
For Review 23 (cid:2) Key Terms 23 (cid:2) Questions and
Exercises 23 For Review 99 (cid:2) Key Terms 99 (cid:2) Questions and
Exercises 101
1 Chemical Foundations
30
3 Atoms to Molecules
111
1.1 Chemistry: An Overview 32
3.1 Counting by Weighing 112
1.2 The Scientifi c Method 34
3.2 Atomic Masses 113
CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS A Note-able
Achievement 36 3.3 The Mole 115
1.3 The Early History of Chemistry 37 3.4 Molecules and Ions 119
1.4 Fundamental Chemical Laws 38 3.5 Molar Mass 121
1.5 Dalton’s Atomic Theory 41 3.6 Chemical Equations 124
3.7 Naming Simple Compounds 126
CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS Berzelius, Selenium,
and Silicon 42 For Review 136 (cid:2) Key Terms 136 (cid:2) Questions and
1.6 Early Experiments to Characterize the Atom 44 Exercises 137
1.7 The Modern View of Atomic Structure:
An Introduction 47 4 Bonding: General Concepts 144
1.8 Introduction to Energy 48
4.1 Types of Chemical Bonds 145
1.9 The Mole: An Introduction 50
CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS No Lead Pencils 146
For Review 51 (cid:2) Key Terms 51 (cid:2) Questions and
4.2 Electronegativity 149
Exercises 52
4.3 Bond Polarity and Dipole Moments 151
2 Atomic Structure and 4.4 Ions: Electron Confi gurations and Sizes 154

4.5 Energy Effects in Binary Ionic Compounds 157
Periodicity
57
4.6 Partial Ionic Character of Covalent Bonds 161
2.1 Electromagnetic Radiation 58 4.7 The Covalent Chemical Bond: A Model 162
2.2 The Nature of Matter 60 4.8 Covalent Bond Energies and Chemical
Reactions 165
CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS Chemistry That Doesn’t
Leave You in the Dark 63 4.9 The Localized Electron Bonding Model 168
iii
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6.6 Present Sources of Energy 262
6.7 New Energy Sources 265
CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS Farming the Wind 267
CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS Veggie Gasoline 271
For Review 272 (cid:2) Key Terms 272 (cid:2) Questions and
Exercises 274
7 Gases
281
7.1 Pressure 282
7.2 The Gas Laws of Boyle, Charles, and
Avogadro 284
7.3 The Ideal Gas Law 290
7.4 Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures 295
CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS Separating Gases 297
Source 7.5 The Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases 299
mage CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS The Chemistry of Air
I
Bags 300
4.10 Lewis Structures 169 7.6 Effusion and Diffusion 306
4.11 Exceptions to the Octet Rule 172 7.7 Real Gases 309
CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS Nitrogen Under 7.8 Characteristics of Several Real Gases 311
Pressure 173 CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS Acid Rain: An Expensive
4.12 Resonance 176 Problem 312
For Review 182 (cid:2) Key Terms 182 (cid:2) Questions and 7.9 Chemistry in the Atmosphere 312
Exercises 183 For Review 315 (cid:2) Key Terms 315 (cid:2) Questions and
Exercises 317
5 Molecular Structure

and Orbitals 192 8 Liquids and Solids 326
5.1 Molecular Structure: The VSEPR Model 193 8.1 Intermolecular Forces 328
CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS Chemical Structure and 8.2 The Liquid State 331
Communication: Semiochemicals 202 8.3 An Introduction to Structures and Types of
5.2 Hybridization and the Localized Electron Solids 333
Model 205 CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS Smart Fluids 336
5.3 The Molecular Orbital Model 218 8.4 Structure and Bonding in Metals 339
5.4 Bonding in Homonuclear Diatomic Molecules 221 CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS Closest Packing of
5.5 Bonding in Heteronuclear Diatomic Molecules 227 M & Ms 342
5.6 Combining the Localized Electron and Molecular CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS What Sank the Titanic? 344
Orbital Models 228 8.5 Carbon and Silicon: Network Atomic Solids 345
CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS What’s Hot? 230 CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS Transistors and Printed
For Review 231 (cid:2) Key Terms 231 (cid:2) Questions and Circuits 352
Exercises 233 8.6 Molecular Solids 354
CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS Explosive Sniffer 355
6 Chemical Energy 242 8.7 Ionic Solids 356
8.8 Vapor Pressure and Changes of State 359
6.1 The Nature of Chemical Energy 243
8.9 Phase Diagrams 366
6.2 Learning to Solve Problems 249
CHEMICAL CONNECTIONS Making Diamonds at Low
6.3 Enthalpy 251 Pressures: Fooling Mother Nature 368
6.4 Hess’s Law 252 For Review 371 (cid:2) Key Terms 371 (cid:2) Questions and
6.5 Standard Enthalpies of Formation 256 Exercises 373
iv
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