Challenges in Tropical Coastal Zone Management: Experiences and Lessons Learned

347 Pages·2023·9.361 MB·English

by  Matthias Wolff, Sebastian C.A. Ferse, Hugh Govan

Matthias Wolff
Sebastian C. A. Ferse
Hugh Govan   Editors
Challenges
in Tropical
Coastal Zone
Management
Experiences and Lessons Learned
Challenges in Tropical Coastal Zone Management
(cid:129) (cid:129)
Matthias Wolff Sebastian C. A. Ferse
Hugh Govan
Editors
Challenges in Tropical
Coastal Zone Management
Experiences and Lessons Learned
Editors
MatthiasWolff SebastianC.A.Ferse
ZentrumfürMarineTropenforschung MarineEcologyDepartment,Facultyof
Bremen,Germany ChemistryandBiology
UniversityofBremen
Bremen,Germany
LeibnizCentreforTropicalMarineResearch
(ZMT)
BremenGmbH
Bremen,Germany
HughGovan
UniversityoftheSouthPacific
Suva,Fiji
ISBN978-3-031-17878-8 ISBN978-3-031-17879-5 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-17879-5
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Foreword
ThisbookhasitsrootsinISATEC,aninternationalmastercourseprogramcreatedin
1999 by the Center for Tropical Marine Research (ZMT) and Bremen University.
TheauthorsofthebookaremostlyISATECgraduatesnowworkingasscientistsor
administrators in their home countries. The editors asked them for case studies
reporting about the planning and implementation of national and local projects of
managementoftheresourcesandservicesofcoastalzones.
The present book is a testimony to more than twenty years of joint efforts of a
research center and a university, both of them being engaged in multi-disciplinary
studiesandinterdisciplinarydialoguesofnaturalsciencesandhumanities.Theyare
wide open to students from all over the world, particularly the Global South. As
founding director of ZMT and professor at Kiel University, I watched Matthias
WolffandhisteamduringthefoundingandearlydevelopmentofISATEC.Tome,
thisbookisamilestoneonalongwaywhichstartedmorethanhalfacenturyago.In
thelate1950s/early1960s,farsightedoceanographerslikeAntonBruun(Denmark),
GeorgeDeacon(UK),andRogerRevelle(US)startedaneweraofoceanstudiesby
initiating the International Indian Ocean Expedition as a multi-national, multi-ship
exercise.Thecoordinationofthesea-goingeffortsaswellasorganizingthestorage
ofoceanographicdataandthesortingofthebiologicalmaterialwasentrustedtothe
Scientific Committee of Ocean Research (SCOR), founded in 1957 as the first
non-governmental global organization in marine sciences. The Intergovernmental
OceanographicCommission(IOC),foundedbyUNESCOin1960,becameSCOR’s
governmentalcounterpart.WhenIenteredtheIOCsecretariatin1964,itconsistedof
a US marine geologist, a marine chemist from Japan, and myself as German
biologist. We were headed by a soviet physical oceanographer. Over more than
two years, I had the opportunity to visit many coastal places all over the world,
particularly in the tropics and subtropics. Many of those countries had become
independent only recently. Their scientific capacity was very limited, as was the
researchinfrastructure.InIndia,ImetKesavaPanikkar.Hewastheleadingocean-
ographerinhiscountryandthefirstpresidentofIOC.Hewasastrongadvocateof
v
vi Foreword
North/South partnerships under the acronym TEMA (Training, Education, Mutual
Assistance),withfourlinesofactivities:
1. Fellowships for higher education at universities of the North and delegation of
lecturerstotheyounguniversitiesintheSouth.
2. Specifictechnicaltrainingbyshort-termcoursesorbyhands-ontraininginjoint
researchprojects.
3. Communication by participation in regional conferences and workshops and by
easyaccesstoscientificliterature.
4. Provisionofscientificandtechnicaladvisorsaswellasofresearchtools.
WhenIwasaprofessoratKielUniversity,ItriedtoimplementpartsofTEMA.
ManyofmystudentsinfisheriesbiologyandmarineecologycamefromtheGlobal
Southand wrote theirthesisonproblems related totheir home waters. In addition,
some of my European graduates like Daniel Pauly (Hempel and Pauly 2002) or
Cornelia Nauen became engaged in bilateral research and teaching projects in
Africa,LatinAmerica,andSoutheastAsiaorjoinedUNorganizations.Particularly
inthe1960sand1970s,governmentsoftheNorthprovidedsmallresearchvessels,
laboratoryequipment,andlibrariestoinstitutesintheSouth.Modernfishingvessels
fullyequippedbybottomtrawlsandechosoundersweregiftsduringGermanstate
visitsincountriesoftheGlobalSouth.Inseveralcases,however,vessels,gearand
instrumentsrequiringsophisticatedmaintenanceandrepairturnedouttobeoflittle
or no use to the recipient. In the Gulf of Thailand, the introduction of bottom
trawlingcausedacollapseoflocalstocksandfisheries.
FAOfinancedandorganizedadvancedregionaltrainingcoursesonstockassess-
mentandfisheriesmanagement andprovidedexpertadvicetotheestablishmentof
national fishery research centers. Former colonial powers, particularly France and
Britain, tried to assist their former colonies through the establishment of regional
research centers and networks under the umbrellas of ORSTOM and the British
Council,respectively.Theregionalconceptsdidnotmeetshort-termnationalpolicy
andpersonalinterestsofthelocalandnationalrulers,somuchsupportwasinvain.
Onbothsides,ittookalongtimetorealizethatinmostcountries,thecoastalzoneis
politically underrated or even neglected, in spite of its quickly growing human
population, its rich natural resources and services, and its specific threats like
stormsurgesandtsunamis.
The UN organizations, SCOR, and the well-established regional organizations
like the International Council for the Exploration of the Seas (ICES) made great
efforts to strengthen the North/South scientific contacts and to include “Southern”
scientists in the marine dialogue. Of great value were the participation of those
scientists in IIOE and subsequent multi-ship expeditions as well as the joint
processingandanalysisoftheirdataandsamples.
Inthe1970s,theocean-wideinternationalmulti-shipsurveysbecamereplacedby
national single-ship studies of oceanic processes of ocean-atmosphere interaction
andofmarinefoodwebsandproductivity.Platetectonics,sea-floorspreading,and
paleo-oceanography became keywords, upwelling phenomena were studied in
detail. The advances in molecular biology and computerized modelling became
Foreword vii
driversforthenewfieldofmarinemicrobiologyandforthestudyofnutrientcycles,
energybudgets,andfoodwebs.
The demand for fish meal and fish oil had increased, and hence had the exploi-
tationoftheswarmsofsmallclupeoidsincoastalupwellingareas.Thefluctuations
in those fisheries, the disastrous decline of many demersal fish stocks, and the
increaseofpollutionandeutrophicationledtotheconceptofLargeMarineEcosys-
tems(LME),developedbyKenShermanandwidelyadoptedforregionalresearch
and management (Hempel and Sherman 2003). It provided the framework for
internationalfundingandNorth/Southpartnershipsinregionalprojectsofresearch,
monitoring,andmanagement.
Thenew LawoftheSeahadexcludedforeign distant-waterfleetsfrom mostof
thecontinentalshelves.Theylookedfornewresourceslikekrillandfornewfishing
areas, including the Southern Ocean. Its living resources made it the target for the
large international research effort BIOMASS (Biological Investigation of Marine
Antarctic Systems and Stocks, 1977–1991) initiated by the US scientist Sayed
Z. El-Sayed. “Its main aim was to gain a greater understanding of the biological
systemsandstocksinthemarineAntarcticenvironment”(El-Sayed1994).Thewide
scope of research of marine ecosystems like the Southern Ocean attracted many
young scientists from not only the North, but also from countries like India and
Brazil.
At the same time coastal states became obliged to monitor their extended eco-
nomic zones (EEZ) and their living resources. Governments realized the need for
strengthening the marine research capacity of their country and to foster regional
cooperation.Inresponsetothegrowingdemandformarinescientists,weestablished
the Centre for Tropical Marine Ecology (nowadays Leibniz Centre for Tropical
MarineResearch)(ZMT)inBremenin1991.TheZMThadthreemajorobjectives:
(1) education and training of German and foreign students in tropical marine and
coastalecology,(2)long-termresearchprojectsinpartnershipwithinstitutionsinthe
tropics,and(3)coordinationofGermanresearchactivitiesintropicalcoastalshores
and waters. Teaching at ZMT started with special courses of one or two weeks
mostlyonecologicalmethods.TheywereheldinBremenoratpartneruniversitiesin
the tropics. A few years later, the University of Bremen and ZMT invited German
andforeignstudentsalikeforthetwo-yearM.Sc.curriculumISATECfocussingon
tropicalmarineecology,includingitshumandimensions.Itwasthefirstcurriculum
inBremenfullytaughtinEnglishandfocusedonthemanagementoftropicalcoastal
areas and their resources. ISATEC started with one year of class work in Bremen
followed by six months of field work at a partner university in a tropical or
subtropical country and finished with a semester in Bremen for writing the M.Sc.
thesis.Uptonowover360studentshavegraduatedintheprogram.Manyofthem
continued as Ph.D. students in Bremen or elsewhere. They then returned to their
home country for positions in research, administration, or industry or became pro-
fessorsatlocaluniversities.
Aswitnessedinthisbook,studentsandalumniofISATECplayedandstillplay
animportantroleintheresearchprojectsofZMT.Overthepast,long-termresearch
programshavebeendevelopedinBrazil,theMiddleEast,SE-Asia,andintheSouth-
viii Foreword
African Benguela LME. Those projects combine multi- and inter-disciplinary
researchwithtrainingonthejoboflocalandGermangraduatesandjuniorscientists.
The projects are based on the concept of equal partnership as formulated in the
BremenCriteria,whichrequestinteralia
– Asignificantcontributiontoascientificallyimportanttheme
– Jointplanningandexecutiononequalfooting
– Amajorcontributiontostrengtheningthescientificcapacityinthehostcountry
– LongdurationofoneortwodecadeswithfirmfinancialcommitmentbyGermany
andwithsubstantialco-financingbythehostcountry
– Unrestrictedexchangeofdata
– Jointpublications,preferablyininternationaljournals
– Joint participation in international conferences and workshops, not only for the
“permanentticketholders”butalsoformanyyoungscientists.
The greatest need for further capacity building is in the tropical and subtropical
countries.
Anewgenerationofprofessionalsisneeded,addressingthesustainabilityissues
in a much broader sense than before. Management goals have to be defined and
defended under the pressure of conflicting ecological interests and political and
societalconstraints.Mostoftheauthorsofthisbookarepartofthisnewgeneration.
CenterforTropicalMarineResearch GotthilfHempel
(ZMT),Bremen,Germany
June2022
References
El-Sayed SZ (ed) (1994) Southern Ocean ecology: the BIOMASS perspective.
CambridgeUniversityPress,Cambridge,UK,p399
Hempel G (2002) Capacity building in marine science. A review. In: Wesnigk J,
Rolston S (eds) The European Challenge: Proceedings of Pacem in Maribus
28, Hamburg (Germany), 3–5 December 2002. International Ocean Institute,
Halifax,Canada
Hempel G, Pauly D (2002) Fisheries and fisheries science in their search for
sustainability. In Field JG, Hempel G, Summerhayes CP (eds) Oceans 2002.
IslandPress,Washington,DC,p365
HempelG,ShermanK(eds)(2003)Largemarineecosystemsoftheworld:trendsin
exploitation,protectionandresearch.ElsevierScienceB.V.,pp.399–414
Nauen CE, Hempel G (2011) Science and capacity building for sustainable devel-
opmentinfisheries.InChristensenV,MacleanJ(eds)Ecosystemapproachesto
fisheries. A global perspective. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK,
pp.209–225
Acknowledgements
Thisbookisthefruitofacomplexcollaborationofmanypeople,drawingmainlyon
the knowledge and experience of young tropical scientists who have been trained
within the M.Sc. Program ISATEC (International Studies in Aquatic Tropical
Ecology)attheCenterforTropicalMarineResearch(ZMT)andBremenUniversity.
Boththeseinstitutionshavesupportedthisprogramformorethantwodecades,and
ISATEC was (and still is) sponsored through numerous full-time scholarships for
students from developing countries through the German Academic Exchange Ser-
vice(DAAD).Weareverythankfulforthesupportgivenbytheseinstitutionsand
also wish to acknowledge the role of Prof. Kai Bischof as interim director of
ISATECfortheyears2007–2010.
The unwavering dedication of over 50 lecturers as well as the program coordi-
nators Iris Freytag and Oliver Janssen-Weets was essential to the performance of
ISATEC.Thankyousomuchforallthoseyearsofenthusiasticsupport.
When the idea of this book was born and our former students and colleagues
asked about their interest toparticipate inthis endeavor,we wereoverwhelmed by
the many positive and encouraging responses. So, we started our journey, which
endstodaywiththesubmissionofthebook.
Wewanttothankallthecontributorstothebookwhoembarkedonthislengthier
than expected process with multiple revisions. We wish also to thank numerous
external reviewers for their great support of our book project. Much of the tedious
and time-consuming work such as formatting, spell-checking, referencing, quality
control of figures and photographs was done by our two great assistants, Teresa
Nobre and Eugene Oboh, whom we also want to very much thank for their great
laborwithoutwhichthisbookwouldneverhavebeenfinished.
Theeditors,BremenandBrusselsinJune2022
ix
Contents
PartI IntroductionandContext
1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
MatthiasWolff,SebastianC.A.Ferse,andHughGovan
PartII CaseStudies
2 KenyaCaseStudyOne. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
PaulTuda,RashidImam,BenedictKiilu,andJohnstoneOmukoto
3 GuatemalaCaseStudy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
PilarVelásquez,VanessaDávila,andManuelIxquiac
4 GhanaCaseStudyOne. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
SethM.Abobi
5 PacificIslandCaseStudy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
NataliePrinzandJonasLetschert
6 SaudiArabiaCaseStudy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
VanessaRobitzch,AlexanderKattan,AislinnDunne,
andDarrenJ.Coker
7 PhilippinesCaseStudyOne.. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. 95
ReginaT.Bacalso,IanJ.Tajonera,RinaM.Rosales,JamesKho,
MarlitoGuidote,LorettaSollestre,andNygielB.Armada
8 KenyaCaseStudyTwo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
BenardsOkeyoandDishonMurage
9 TanzaniaCaseStudy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 133
GodfreyFabiani,MaryNamukose,RobertEliakimKatikiro,
YussufS.Yussuf,NuriM.Steinmann,andFlowerE.Msuya
xi