Cellulose-reinforced Nanofibre Composites Production, Properties and Applications

563 Pages·2017·24.829 MB·English

by  Mohammad Jawaid, Sami Boufi, Abdul Khalil H.P.S

Cellulose-Reinforced Nanofibre Composites
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Woodhead Publishing Series in Composites
Science and Engineering
Cellulose-Reinforced
Nanofibre Composites
Production, Properties and Applications
Edited by
Mohammad Jawaid
Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
Sami Boufi
University of Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
Abdul Khalil H.P.S.
University of Science, Malaysia, Penang,
Malaysia
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Dedication
Dr. Mohammad Jawaid, Editor, is honored to dedicate this book to his father
Mr. Ziaur Rahman.
He supported me to pursue PhD degree to fulfill my dreams; otherwise I would not
been in this position without his support, inspiration, and motivation.
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Contents
List of Contributors xiii
Preface xvii
1 Nanofibrillated cellulose reinforcement in thermoset
polymer composites 1
Abdul Khalil H.P.S., Chaturbhuj K. Saurabh, Mustapha Asniza,
Ying Y. Tye, Mohammad R. Nurul Fazita, Muhammad I. Syakir,
Hashim M. Fizree, Abdul Fatah I. Yusra, Mohamad Kassim M. Haafiz,
Mohd A. Kassim and Noorul Linda M. Suraya
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Cellulose fibers 1
1.3 Structure of cellulose 3
1.4 Nanofibrillated cellulose 3
1.5 Isolation and characterization of nanofibrillated cellulose 4
1.6 Chemical pretreatment process 4
1.7 Mechanical treatment 5
1.8 Nanofibrillated reinforced thermoset composites 7
1.9 Chronological events of nanofibrillated composites 8
1.10 Thermoset composites 9
1.11 Preparation and properties of nanofibrillated composites 13
1.12 Applications of nanocomposites 15
1.13 Conclusion 17
Acknowledgment 18
References 18
2 Hybrid montmorillonite/cellulose nanowhiskers reinforced
polylactic acid nanocomposites: A comparative study based
on formulation design 25
Reza Arjmandi, Azman Hassan, M.K. Mohamad Haafiz and
Zainoha Zakaria
2.1 Introduction 25
2.2 Materials and methods 26
2.3 Testing and characterization 28
2.4 Results and discussion 29
2.5 Conclusion 41
Acknowledgements 41
References 41
viii Contents
3 Bionanomaterial from agricultural waste and its application 45
Rudi Dungani, Abdul Khalil H.P.S., Nurjaman A. Sri Aprilia,
Ihak Sumardi, Pingkan Aditiawati, Atmawi Darwis, Tati Karliati,
Aminudin Sulaeman, Enih Rosamah and Medyan Riza
3.1 Introduction 45
3.2 Overview of waste as green potential from biomass 47
3.3 Fundamental properties of various agriculture waste 48
3.4 Bionanomaterial from agricultural waste 59
3.5 Various applications of bionanomaterial 69
3.6 Conclusion 73
References 74
4 Recent advances in nanocellulose-based polymer nanocomposites 89
Naheed Saba and Mohammad Jawaid
4.1 Introduction 89
4.2 Nanotechnology and nanocomposites 89
4.3 Nanocellulose 91
4.4 Extraction and properties of cellulose nanocrystals 94
4.5 Extraction and properties of cellulose nanofibers 95
4.6 Modifications of nanocellulose 99
4.7 Nanocellulose-based polymer nanocomposites 101
4.8 Applications of nanocellulose and its polymer nanocomposites 104
4.9 Conclusion and future directions 106
Acknowledgments 107
References 107
5 Challenges in design of nanocellulose and its composites
for different applications 113
Faris M. AL-Oqla and Mahmoud Rababah
5.1 Introduction 113
5.2 Proper cellulosic material selections 114
5.3 Natural fibers 114
5.4 Nanocomposites 118
5.5 Nanoclay hybrid composites 119
5.6 Design considerations of polymeric-based nanocomposites
for various applications 119
5.7 Design of green biocomposites 120
5.8 Factors influencing the composite performance 122
References 125
6 Agricultural crop residue as a source for the production of
cellulose nanofibrils 129
Sami Boufi
6.1 Introduction 129
6.2 Chemical composition of fibers 129
6.3 From cellulose to nanocellulose 131
6.4 CNF from agricultural residue 134
Contents ix
6.5 Factors affecting the fibrillation behavior of fibers from
agricultural crops 144
References 149
Further reading 152
7 Nanofibrillated cellulose as an additive in papermaking process 153
Sami Boufi, Israel González, Marc Delgado-Aguilar, Quim Tarrès
and Pere Mutjé
7.1 Introduction 153
7.2 Application of cellulose nanofibers in papermaking 153
7.3 Cellulose nanofiber as bulk additive in papermaking suspensions 157
7.4 Cellulose nanofiber for surface application 168
7.5 Conclusions 169
References 169
8 Nanocellulose in functional packaging 175
Julien Bras and Seema Saini
8.1 Packaging in brief 175
8.2 Functional packaging 180
8.3 Nanocellulose in functional packaging 188
8.4 Conclusion 203
References 205
9 Application of nanocrystalline cellulose: Processing and
biomedical applications 215
Aamir H. Bhat, Y.K. Dasan, Imran Khan, H. Soleimani and Amil Usmani
9.1 Introduction 215
9.2 Nanocrystalline cellulose and their properties 216
9.3 Extraction methods of nanocrystalline cellulose 217
9.4 Modification of nanocrystalline cellulose 221
9.5 Nanocrystalline cellulose reinforced nanocomposites
processing methods 224
9.6 Properties of nanocrystalline-based nanocomposites 227
9.7 Nanocrystalline cellulose-based nanocomposites in biomedical
applications 229
9.8 Toxicology and biocompatibility of nanocomposites 233
9.9 Conclusion 234
References 234
Further reading 240
10 Cellulose nanowhiskers from oil palm empty fruit bunch
biomass as green fillers 241
M.K. Mohamad Haafiz, Azman Hassan, Abdul Khalil H.P.S.,
Abdulwahab F. Owolabi, M.M. Marliana, Reza Arjmandi,
I.M. Inuwa, Mohammad R. Nurul Fazita and M. Hazwan Hussin
10.1 Introduction 241
10.2 Experimental 242