Table Of ContentCellular
Antioxidant
Defense
Mechanisms
Volume I
Editor
Ching Kuang Chow
Professor
Department of Nutrition and Food Science,
and Graduate Center for Toxicology
University of Kentucky
Lexington, Kentucky
Boca Raton London New York
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PREFACE
Oxygen is required for normal metabolic reactions necessary to sustain life. Oxygen and
its reactive intermediates, however, may also react with cellular components and result in
degradation and/or inactivation of essential molecules. Under normal conditions the metabolic
activity of the cell can control the adverse effects of oxygen and its reactive intermediates.
The susceptibility of a given organ or organ system to oxidative damage is determined by
the balance between the factors that promote oxidation and those that exhibit antioxidant
action. Oxidative damage can be described as a consequence of insufficient antioxidant
potential. Understanding of cellular mechanisms that lead to oxidative damage and those
that exert antioxidant function may, therefore, be important in unraveling the etiology of
certain diseases.
In recent years, the possible role of reactive oxygen species in the initiation of tissue
damage and in the development of disease process has received considerable research interest
by investigators in various disciplines. This book is aimed to provide an interdisciplinary
forum for critical evaluation of the current knowledge in this rapidly developing field. Due
to the relatively large scope of the subject areas to be covered, the book is divided into three
volumes. In Volume I, the major emphasis is relating to the formaton, reactions, metabolic
fate, and biological effects of reactive oxygen species. Various cellular antioxidant defense
systems and their interrelationships are presented in Volume II. The role of oxidative damage
in the pathogenesis of certain degenerative diseases is the focus of Volume III. Each of the
chapters is prepared by outstanding investigators in the area of their expertise. Although
there are overlaps in certain areas, and not all areas are covered or covered adequately,
efforts were made to present to the readers the state-of-the-art and prospective views of the
overall cellular antioxidant defense mechanisms.
I wish to express my sincere appreciation to the contributors for their efforts in making
this book an excellent and unique one, and also for their patience and cooperation. Thanks
are also due to the staffs of CRC Press and to my daughter Hannah for their valuable
assistance during various stages of the process.
Ching Kuang Chow
THE EDITOR
Ching Kuang Chow, Ph.D., is currently Professor of the Department of Nutrition and
Food Science and the Graduate Center for Toxicology at the University of Kentucky, Lexington.
He graduated from the National Taiwan University, Taipei, with a B.S. degree in Ag-
ricultural Chemistry in 1963. He received his M.S. degree in Animal Science, in 1966, and
Ph.D. degree in Nutritional Sciences, in 1969, both from the University of Illinois, Urbana.
Dr. Chow was a research biochemist at the California Primate Research Center, University
of California, Davis, prior to accepting his appointment at the Department of Nutrition and
Food Science, University of Kentucky, in 1976. He was a 1983—1984 Fulbright Senior
Research Scholar during his tenure as a visiting professor at the Physiological Chemistry
Institute, University of Tubingen, Tubingen, West Germany.
His major research interest has been relating to the role of biological antioxidants, es-
pecially vitamin E, in cellular metabolism, and the mechanisms of oxidative damage and
antioxidant defense. He is also known for his research on the adaptive response of the
glutathione peroxidase system to oxidative stress. He has published original and review
articles in these areas. Currently he is also the co-editor of the new journal CRC Critical
Reviews in Free Radical Research.
CONTRIBUTORS
Steven D. Aust, B.S., M.S., Ph.D. Bertram H. Lubin, M.D.
Director Research Institute
Biotechnology Center Children’s Hospital
Utah State University Oakland, California
Logan, Utah
Ronald P. Mason, B.A., Ph.D.
Franz v. Bruchhausen, Dr.med. Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics
Professor National Institute of Environmental
Pharmakologisches Institut Health Sciences
Freie Universitat Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
Berlin, West Germany
James F. Mead, Ph.D.
Professor
Daniel Tsun-Lee Chiu, Ph.D.
Department of Biological Chemistry and
Research Institute
Public Health
Children’s Hospital
University of California
Oakland, California and
Los Angeles, California
Center for Advanced Medical Technology
San Francisco State University
Daniel B. Menzel, B.S., Ph.D.
San Francisco, California
Professor of Pharmacology and Medicine
Department of Pharmacology
Cora J. Dillard, M.S.
Duke University Medical Center
Staff Research Associate IV
Durham, North Carolina
Department of Food Science and
Technology
Lee A. Morehouse, B.S., Ph.D.
University of California
Department of Metabolic Diseases
Davis, California
Pfizer Central Research
Groton, Connecticut
Sharon P. Ellington, Ph.D.
Research Associate
Aubrey R. Morrison, M.B., B.S.
Department of Pharmacology
Professor
Duke University Medical Center
Department of Pharmacology and
Durham, North Carolina
Medicine
Washington University School of
William D. Flitter, B.Sc., Ph.D. Medicine
Laboratory for Molecular Biophysics St. Louis, Missouri
National Institute for Environmental
Health Peter J. O’Brien, Ph.D.
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina Professor
Faculty of Pharmacy
Kent J. Johnson, M.D. University of Toronto
Department of Pathology Toronto, Ontario, Canada
University of Michigan
Ann Arbor, Michigan
Didier PortUla, M.D.
Department of Medicine and
I. Just, Dr.med. Pharmacology
Institut Pharmakologie Washington University School of
Universitat Berlin Medicine
Berlin, West Germany St. Louis, Missouri
D. N. Ramakrishna Rao, Ph.D. Hiroshi Sugimoto, B.S., Ph.D.
Laboratory for Molecular Biophysics Department of Chemistry
National Institute for Environmental Texas A&M University
Health College Station, Texas
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
A. L. Tappel, Ph.D.
Professor
C. Channa Reddy, Ph.D.
Department of Food Science and
Center for Air Environment Studies
Technology
Pennsylvania State University
University of California
University Park, Pennsylvania
Davis, California
Gerald M. Rosen, Ph.D.
Gerd O. TUI, M.D.
Professor of Pharmacology
Department of Pathology
Department of Pharmacology
University of Michigan Medical School
Duke University Medical Center
Ann Arbor, Michigan
Durham, North Carolina
Gail Wagner, M.D.
Donald T. Sawyer, B.S., Ph.D. Research Institute
Distinguished Professor Children’s Hospital
Department of Chemistry Oakland, California
Texas A&M University
College Station, Texas Peter A. Ward, M.D.
Professor and Chairman
R. W. Scholz, Ph.D. Department of Pathology
Department of Veterinary Science University of Michigan
Environmental Research Institute Ann Arbor, Michigan
Pennsylvania State University
Jeffrey S. Warren, M.D.
University Park, Pennsylvania
Department of Pathology
University of Michigan Medical School
Chon R. Shoaf, Ph.D.
Ann Arbor, Michigan
Department of Pharmacology and
Medicine
J. Whelan, Ph.D.
Duke Comprehensive Cancer Center
Department of Veterinary Science
Duke University Medical Center
Environmental Research Institute
Durham, North Carolina
Pennsylvania State University
University Park, Pennsylvania
Lee Spencer, B.S., Ph.D.
Department of Chemistry
Guey-Shuang Wu, Ph.D.
Texas A&M University
Laboratory for Biomedical and
College Station, Texas
Environmental Science
University of California at Los Angeles
Robert A. Stein, Ph.D.
Los Angeles, California
Laboratory for Biomedical and
Environmental Science G. Wurm, Dr.rer.nat.
University of California at Los Angeles Institut of Pharmazie
Los Angeles, California Universitat Berlin
Berlin, West Germany
Karyn Elaine Strauss, M.S.
Senior Research Assistant Maged Younes, M.Sc., Ph.D.
Department of Pharmacology Department of Toxicology
Duke University Medical Center Medical University of Liibeck
Durham, North Carolina Liibeck, West Germany
CELLULAR ANTIOXIDANT
DEFENSE MECHANISMS
Volume I
Microsomal Oxygen Radical Generation — Relationship to the Initiation of Lipid Peroxidation
The Generation of Reactive Dioxygen Species and Their Reactions with Organic Substrates
Spin Trapping of Free Radicals in Whole Cells, Isolated Organs, and In Vivo
The Formation of Free Radical Metabolites by Mammalian Peroxidases
The Fate and Reactivity of Lipid Peroxides
Metabolic Fate of Peroxidation Products
Consequences of Biological Lipid Peroxidation
Oxidative and Cooxidative Reactions During Biosynthesis of Prostaglandins,
Hydroxyeicosanoids, and Leukotrienes
Role of Vitamin E and Selenium in Arachidonic Cascade
Activated Phagocytes, Oxygen Radicals, and Tissue Injury
Lipid Peroxidation and Hepatotoxicity
Lipid Peroxidation and the Kidney
Oxidative Damage to Red Blood Cells
Oxidative Damage and Toxicity of Environmental Pollutants
Volume II
The Antioxidant Proteins of Extracellular Fluids
Proteolytic Systems as Secondary Antioxidant Defenses
The Phospholipid Hydroperoxide Glutathione Peroxidase: A Peroxidation Inhibition Enzyme
Lipid Peroxidation, Membrane Damage, and Phospholipase A2 Action
Malondialdehyde in Biological Systems
Synergistic Inhibition of Oxidation by Vitamin E and Vitamin C
DT Diaphorase and the Toxicity of Quinones: Status and Perspectives
Influences of Selenium Deficiency and Glutathione Status on Liver Metabolism
Phagocyte Oxidants and Protective Mechanisms
Antioxidant Mechanisms in Radiation Injury and Radioprotection
Factors Affecting Antioxidant Defense Potential
Interrelationships of Cellular Antioxidant Defense Systems
Volume HI
Role of Oxidative Damage in the Aging Process
Oxidative Damage and Respiratory Diseases
Visual Disorders and Oxidative Reactions
The Role of Oxygen Radicals in Brain Injury and Edema
Oxidative Reactions and Connective Tissue Diseases
Superoxide and Inflammation
Oxidative Damage and Its Relevance to Inflammatory Joint Disease
Oxidative Damage and Myeloproliferative Disorders
Metabolism of Arachidonic Acid in Diabetes Mellitus
The Role of Oxygen-Derived Free Radicals in the Pathogenesis of Ischemic Bowel
Lipid Peroxidation and Antioxidant Protection of the Heart in Stress, Ischemia, and Arrhythmias
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter 1
Microsomal Oxygen Radical Generation — Relationship to the Initiation of Lipid
Peroxidation...........................................................................................................................1
Lee A. Morehouse and Steven D. Aust
Chapter 2
The Generation of Reactive Dioxygen Species and Their Reactions with Organic
Substrates..............................................................................................................................21
Donald T. Sawyer, Lee Spencer, and Hiroshi Sugimoto
Chapter 3
Spin Trapping of Free Radicals in Whole Cells, Isolated Organs, and In Vivo...............41
Sharon P. Ellington, Karyn E. Strauss, and Gerald M. Rosen
Chapter 4
The Formation of Free Radical Metabolites by Mammalian Peroxidases........................59
D. N. Ramakrishna Rao, William D. Flitter, and Ronald P. Mason
Chapter 5
The Fate and Reactivity of Lipid Peroxides........................................................................73
Peter J. O’Brien
Chapter 6
Metabolic Fate of Peroxidation Products.............................................................................89
James F. Mead, Robert A. Stein, and Guey-Shuang Wu
Chapter 7
Consequences of Biological Lipid Peroxidation................................................................103
C. J. Dillard and A. L. Tappel
Chapter 8
Oxidative and Cooxidative Reactions During Biosynthesis of Prostaglandins,
Hydroxyeicosanoids, and Leukotrienes.............................................................................117
F. v. Bruchhausen, G. Wurm, and I. Just
Chapter 9
Role of Vitamin E and Selenium in Arachidonic Cascade...............................................139
C. Channa Reddy, J. Whelan, and R. W. Scholz
Chapter 10
Activated Phagocytes, Oxygen Radicals, and Tissue Injury...........................................151
Peter A. Ward, Kent J. Johnson, Gerd O. Till, and Jeffrey S. Warren
Chapter 11
Lipid Peroxidation and Hepatoxicity.................................................................................159
Maged Younes
Chapter 12
Lipid Peroxidation and the Kidney........... 173
Aubrey R. Morrison and Didier Portilla
Chapter 13
Oxidative Damage to Red Blood Cells.............................................................................185
Gail M. Wagner, Bertram H. Lubin, and Daniel Tsun-Yee Chiu
Chapter 14
Oxidative Damage and Toxicity of Environmental Pollutants........................................197
Chon R. Shoaf and Daniel B. Menzel
Index...................................................................................................................................215
