Categorically Unequal: The American Stratification System

335 Pages·2008·3.56 MB·English

by  Douglas S. Massey

Categorically
Unequal
TheAm ericSatnr atification
System
DouglaMsaSs.s ey
A RusseSlalg Feo undatCieonnt ennViolaulm e
RussSealglFe o undation
NewY ork
TheR usseSlalgF eo undation
TheR usseSlalg eF oundatioonneo, f t heo ldeosftA mericag'esn erpaulr posfeo undations,
wase stabliisnh1 e9d0b 7y M rsM.a rgarOelti vSiaag feo "rt hei mprovemoenfst o ciaanldl iv­
ingc onditiiontn hseU niteSdt ateTsh.e"F oundatsieoenk tsof ulftihlimlsa ndatbey f oster­
ingt hed evelopmaenndtd isseminaotfki noonw ledagbeo utth ec ountrpyo'lsi tiscoacli,a l,
ande conompirco bleWmsh.il teh eF oundateinodne avotroas s sutrhee a ccuraacnydo bjec­
tiviotfey a cbho oki tp ublishtehsec, o nclusiaonndis n terpretiantR iuosnsseS lalg Feo unda­
tiopnu blicatairoetn hso soeft hea uthoarnsd n oto ft heF oundatiiotTnsr,u steeosri, t sst aff.
PublicabtyiR ouns seSlalg et,h erefdooreens,o ti mplFyo undateinodno rsement.
BOARDO F TRUSTEES
ThomaDs. C ookC,h air
Ke1metDh.B rody JennifLe.Hr o chschild CorBa. M arrett
RoberEt.D enham KathleHeanlJ la mieson RichaHr.dT haler
ChristopEhdelreJ yr . MelvinKJo.m 1er EriWca 1mer
JohnA .F erejolm AlanB .K rueger MaryC .W aters
LarrV.y H edges
LibraorfCy o ngreCsast aloging-in-DPautbal ication
MasseyD, ouglaSs.
Categoriucnaelqluy:a t lh eA mericsatnr atifiscyasttieomn/ Douglas
S.M asse.y
p.e m.- (AR usseSlalg Feo undatcieonnt eruvuoallu me)
Includbeisb liograplucal references.
ISBN9 78-0-87154-585-5
1.E quality--SUtnaittee2sd.S. o cisatlr atificatioSnt-aUtneist.e d
3.U niteSdt ates-Soccoinadli tio1n9s4-5I-.R usseSlalg Feo undation.
IIT.i tle.
HN90.S6M23060 7
305.0973--dc22 2006038385
Copyrigh2t0©0 b7y R usseSlalg Feo undatiAolnlr. i ghrtess ervPerdi.n tientd h eU nited
StatoefsA mericNao. p arotf t hipsu blicatiobne r meapyr oducsetdo,r ienda r etrieval sys­
temo,r t ransmiitnta endyf ormo rb ya nym eanse,l ectromneicch,a nicpahlo,t ocopying,
recordionrog t,h erwiwsiet,h otuhtep riowrr ittpeenr missoifot nh ep ublisher.
Reproductbiyto hneU niteSdt atGeosv ernmeinnwt h oloer i np aritsp ermitftoeardn yp ur­
pose.
Thep apeurs edi nt hipsu blicamteieotnts h em inimumr equiremoefnA tmse ricNaant ional
StandafrodrI nformatSicoine nces-PermaonfeP nacpee fro rP rintLeidb rary Matetials.
ANSIZ 39.48-1992.
Texdte sigbnyS uzmmeN ichols.
RUSSELSLA GEF OUNDATION
112E as6t4 tSht reNeetw,Y orkN,e wY ork1 0021
109 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Dedictaomt yem do ther,
borRnu tShy lMvaitas oinm mtiog praarnetn ts,
whot augmhett h iem portaendcuaetc ioofn ,
antdh iem portoafun sciienft go g ro od.

CONTENTS
AbotuhtAe u thor ix
Foreword xi
Preface
XV
CHAPTER 1l How Srttafiicant iWoorks 1
CHAPTER 2' ThRei asneFd a olfEl g iatlarCipaainlts iam 28
CHAPTER 3 Rweorikntgh Ceo lLoirn e 51
CHAPTER 4 BuildaiB negtU tndeerlr acss 113
CHAPTER 5 RmeakitnhPgeol tiiEcoacnlo my 158
CHAPTER 6" EngendeIrnienqgu ality 211
CHAPTER 7 AmerUincqeau al 242
Notes 261
References 263
Index 303

ABouT THEA uTHOR
DouGLASS.M ASSEiYHs e nryB rGy.aP nrto feosfSs oocri oalnodg y
PubAlfifca aittr hWseo odrWoiwl sSocnh oaonpldr esnitod fte he
AmeriAccaandy e mPoofl iatniSdco aclSi caile nce.
THER USSELSLA GE
CENTENNIAL VOLUMES
AmeriWcoar Ckrsti:il Tc oahguhotnst hEexc etpinoaUl. LSa.ob Mra rket
RichBaF.rr de eman
CaetogircaUlnleylq T:ueha A meriSrctaafctnitai inSo ytsem
DouglMaass sSe.y
SocSiicaelnf orcW eh aPth?i tlhoarpnayn tdh Seo cQiueatslin io na
Wordl TuRrginhetdsU ipd e
Ali0c'Ce o nnor
FOREWORD
nA pr1i92l,0 0t7h,Re u ssSealgFleo un"awtiicloelnl eibtrsa te
O
cente1n0ny0ie aaltr,ots h dea syi nMcaer garetS aOglei via
dedictahfteoe udn dathiehorun sa,bn dinn' asm e,t hi"emt por ove­
menotfs ocainaldli ving ciontn hdUein tiitSoetndaso t fAe mse r­
icaF.r"otm h oeu tsseotcr,ie asle palracyhe dr oail ntek h efeyo un­
datimoins'ssi obno-tbhy p rovivdiinvgdi eds criopftt ihoen s
socpiraolb ltehmcasat l olueftdo r re foirnnm e aw ilnyd ustrialized,
urbanizeda nAdm aebsrysi ecstash eiefn fge ctoiftv hefeno eusns­
datieoanr'plsrgy or amdse sigtnoe di mtphrleoo ovtfet hdei sad­
vangteaAds.t hfeo undaetnitoenr'mpsar tiusarefe tdWeo rrl Wda r
II,R utshseSe algtler usrteeaelsti hztaeotbd e tsteerrtv heee m erg­
inmga ssso ciseotcsyice ainlcw eo ulrde quire sdiegvneilfoipc­ant
ment-iitansn altyotoiilctss so, u rocfde asta an,id t s thceao­retical
paciAtcicedosir.n gtlhyte,r t uesedse citdheaadft o undatthieo n
siozfReS cFo uclodn trtiotb huet eg seoncewireaalllf areef fmeocs­t
tivbeyli ynev stdiinrge icntt hldeye veleonptm aapnpdl icoaft ion
socsicaile Tnhcihesa.b s e etnhf eo undautniioqonub'eejsc teivveer
sin.c e
Ovetrh pea ssti xyteayr tsh,fe o undahtasisoo huntg t os hape
ansdt rentghtseho ecnsi caile nacw eisdv eai rni oefwt ayyI sht.a s
ivnesitnne edw d isciapmloinnegs t,h seomc itoohlfmeo e gdyi cine
and alnaadwn ,e wb raonfed c onobmaisclesed os nsp resurmae­d
tionaanlmdio tryoe ne videabnochueot we conodmeicci sairoen s
actumaaldlIeyht. a psu shteocd r enaetwse o urocfse osc diaatla ,
sucahst he GenerSaulre vy,S oacinimdap lrt oova en atlhoyefs is
exisdtaitnsago urpcreisn,c ibpyma elalnoysf i tlso ng-standing
analysist roefnr dessvo ecailtaehlUde . CSbe.ysn uRsu.s sSealgle
hasa lswoo rkteods uppaonrdtd issempirnoamtiens eiwn g
methodosluocaghsis etsat,i tsetcihcnfaiolqs ruy enst hemsuilz-ing
xi
Foreword
tiprlees esatrucdohif aeg si vseonc piolailoc rpy r ogtroaa cmh ieve
morree ligaebnleer alaibzoawuthtiaw oton rsk s.
Thfeo undarteicoaencn'ttsi vhiatvsieue sst aiittnsre add itional
aimosfb rinsgoicnsgic ailem nocreeef fecttobi evaoernld ye scrib­
ing sporcoibalalen mandsa lyztinhgce a uasnecdso nsequoefn ces
soccihaanlg ReS.hF a dse velroepseedpa rrocghr oantm hsse o cial
consequoefcn hcaensgg ienngd er rowlaeksoe ft i hne tchiev il
rigmhotvse meonntt hv,ee xipnegr siosftp eonvceaern ttdyh e rise
ofe conoinmeiqcu ailnti htUeyn itSetda otveestr h e past three
decsa,od net hdee lcinfionrgt oufnm eisn orityi ntw hoer keirns­
nerceictoyn oomfti he1es9 8a0nsd earlayn d1 t9oht9nee 0 cst,o nic
shiifntt hsUe . lSa.b moarr kseitnt cheee a r1l9y8 t0hsha at vpeu t
workweirtslh i mietdeudc aatnibdoa nr ngianpigo wers uacath
distinct adnids agdrvoaRwnuitsnasSggea elgh.lea a sl dseov oted
substaatntteinattloui nodne rsttahnsedo iccniogan ls equoefn ces
recdeenmto grcahpahniTgche fe.o undafttiiefoenn'-psyr eoagrr am
ofr eseoanrt chcheo ntiwnauivonefig m mgirattioto hnUe n ited
Staptreosv iard iescsoh u rocfie n formaabtoituohtine m patchte
newi mmigraarhneat vsi ntgh ceoo nu natnrtdyh per obltehmast
immigraanntdth sec ihri ldraestn h etfyrat ycom e a kteh ewiaryi n
Amerisccoani eAt rye.l arteesde parrocghrh aaasmd dretshsee d
changienAs m erilciabfnre o uognh ttb hyie n credaisveedro sfi ty
thUe. pSo.p ul-aftriotomhng er owcionmgp loefxri etlyab tei­ons
twereanc ainaedlt hgnriocu tpots hp er obltehmast Amienrsitcia­n
tutieonncso uanstt heearyt tetmoap ctc ommoamd oartdeei verse
citriyz.e n
TheR ussSealglFe o undathiuonnd'rseb ditrht hodfafyae rs
unique momenatnt dat kose t opcaku seo f etvheainsts h ew ork,
entercpotrniins.ueT e hse three volumfeotsrh ec ocmemni­ssioned
tenniilallu asntrdre aftulepe octnthu es oefs ocsicailet nodc eee pen
ouurn derstoafAn mdeirnigc aTnh edlyoin forete. c tauplitahtee
worokft hfeo undaTthiesoyen ei.skn t etaopd u shw otrhakeh ead.
Oveirtl so nhgi srtyR,ou ssSealghlea s st rugrgelpeeda ttoune ­dly
derstansdo ctcihoaesol tf ts h reo uangdht umbAlmee rilcaabno r
markets,y stthreeoms oi ctpo efr sishtieglnhet vloeyfil nse quality
int hUen itSetda atnetdsh ,pe o lidtiicfcufalilot ifee sst ablains hing
effectriovlees ofcorirea sle ianrt chfeho rmatsioocnpi oaollfi cy.
xii