Cardio-Nephrology : Confluence of the Heart and Kidney in Clinical Practice

426 Pages·2017·13.28 MB·English

by  Lerma

Janani Rangaswami
Edgar V. Lerma
Claudio Ronco Editors
Cardio-Nephrology
Confluence of the
Heart and Kidney in
Clinical Practice
Foreword by
Peter A. McCullough
123
Cardio-Nephrology
Janani Rangaswami Edgar V. Lerma
(cid:129)
Claudio Ronco
Editors
Cardio-Nephrology
fl
Con uence of the Heart and Kidney
in Clinical Practice
123
Editors
Janani Rangaswami Claudio Ronco
Department ofInternal Medicine, Einstein Department ofNephrology Dialysis and
MedicalCenter Transplantation
SidneyKimmel Collegeof Thomas International RenalResearch Institute, San
Jefferson University Bortolo Hospital
Philadelphia, PA Vicenza
USA Italy
Edgar V.Lerma
Department ofMedicine, Section of
Nephrology
University of Illinois at Chicago
Chicago, IL
USA
ISBN978-3-319-56040-3 ISBN978-3-319-56042-7 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-56042-7
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2017938627
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IwouldliketothankAppaandAmmafortheirinnumerablesacrificesandlove
thathaveallowedmetobethephysicianIamtoday.Withoutthem,noneofthe
contributions I have directly or indirectly made to my profession or patients
wouldbepossible.Ithankmyteachersandmentorsforemphasizingtomethat
asking the right questions in clinical practice and academic medicine are the
only way toachieve meaningful outcomes. The monumental task of editing this
textbook would not be possible without the support and understanding of my
husband Ram, and the patience and love of little Aniruddh who gives me new
strength everyday. My co-editors Profs. Ronco and Lerma have been an
inspiration to work alongside this project, and I value their guidance and
support immensely. Most importantly, I thank my patients who are open
textbooks of medicine in everyday life, from whom I continue to learn each
day.
Janani Rangaswami
To all my mentors, and friends, at the University of Santo Tomas College of
Science, University of Santo Tomas Faculty of Medicine and Surgery in
Manila, Philippines, and Northwestern University Feinberg School of
Medicine in Chicago, IL, who have in one way or another, influenced and
guided me to become the physician that I am …
To all the medical students, interns, and residents at Advocate Christ Medical
Center whom I have taught or learned from, especially those who eventually
decided to pursue Nephrology as a career…
To my parents and my brothers, without whose unwavering love and support
through the good and bad times, I would not have persevered and reached my
goals in life …
Most especially, to my two lovely and precious daughters Anastasia Zofia and
Isabella Ann, whose smiles and laughter constantly provide me unparalleled
joy and happiness; and my very loving and understanding wife Michelle, who
has always been supportive of my endeavors both personally and profes-
sionally,andwhosacrificedalotoftimeandexhibitedunwaveringpatienceas
I devoted a significant amount of time and effort to this project. Truly, they
provide me with motivation and inspiration.
Edgar V. Lerma
To Federico, my son and my preferred cardiologist
Claudio Ronco
Foreword
It is becoming ever more apparent with the aging of adult populations and the increasing
overlay of illnesses such as diabetes, hypertension, atherosclerosis, heart failure, and chronic
kidney disease that the heart and the kidneys are at the center of most case discussions
involving critically ill patients. The heart and the kidneys have vital, lifelong relationships in
both health and disease. In this edition of Cardio-Nephrology, Drs. Ronco, Lerma, and
Rangaswami have assembled the world’s most preeminent experts on the full spectrum of
topics that cover cardiorenal interactions. Importantly, the epidemiology, pathophysiology,
prognosis, and implications for management are woven into a comprehensive and tractable
textthatwillbeessentialforstudents,residents,andattendingphysiciansastheyfurthertheir
knowledge and expertise in this complicated area of medicine. The reader is encouraged to
find the time to unpack the key conceptual frameworks upon which to build understanding,
conductfutureinvestigation,andtranslateprogresstothebedside.Greaterinterestinthisfield
with a lead to an ever-increasing critical mass of intellectual effort that will bring great
advancestopatientsandtheirfamiliesimpactedbycardiorenalsyndromes.Onbehalfofallthe
beneficiariesofthiswork,Ioffermythankstothevenerableandiconicleadersinthisfield—
ClaudioRonco,MD,EdgarLerma,MD,andJananiRangaswami,MD,fortheconceptionand
creation of this wonderful text for libraries and offices across the globe.
Peter A. McCullough, MD, MPH, FACC, FACP, FCCP, FAHA, FNKF, FNLA
Baylor University Medical Center, Baylor Heart
and Vascular Institute, Baylor Jack and Jane Hamilton Heart
and Vascular Hospital, Dallas, TX, USA
The Heart Hospital Baylor Plano, Plano, TX, USA
vii
Preface
Theincreasingprevalenceofvascularriskfactorssuchasdiabetes,obesity,andhypertension
coupledwith increasedlongevity hasresulted inaworldwide epidemic ofcardiovascularand
kidneydisease.Neverhastheimplicationofoneorgansystemontheotherbeensoprofound,
asinthecurrentcontextofthecardio-nephrologysymbiosis:complexinterventionalstrategies
for vascular disease, identification of novel biomarkers of renal and cardiac injury, the
ever-increasing transplantation potential of patients with complex cardiac and renal disease,
andthemutuallysignificantprognosticimplicationsbetweentheseorgansystems.Despitethe
expanded understanding of the nuances of both these organ systems, there still remains a
“vacuum”intheinterfacebetweencardiologyandnephrologyinkeyoverlapareas.Ironically,
these decisions involve day to day management in patients with complex disease burden
involving both systems.
This textbook brings together a diverse group of extraordinary clinicians and scientists in
cardiology, nephrology, hypertension, and lipidology and summarizes their collective experi-
ence and contributions in this field. The scope of this textbook extends from the outpatient
management of cardiovascular and kidney disease, to hospital-based decision-making in
patientswithcardio-renaldiseaseandcomplexinterfacessuchashemodialysisinpatientswith
ventricular assist device support. This book is intended to serve as a “one stop shop” for
cardiologyandnephrologycliniciansandresearchersdealingwiththesignificantoverlapareas
betweenthesetwospecialties.Itshouldalsoberelevanttomedicalstudents,traineephysicians,
and general internists. More importantly, the emphasis on the confluence of these specialties
should translate into increased cardio-nephrology clinical and research cross-communication,
which isthe ultimategoal ofsuch an endeavor.
We wish to acknowledge the invaluable contributions of each author and group that has
contributedtheirtime andwritingefforttoembellishthistextbook.SpringerInternationalhas
supportedtheconceptofcardio-nephrologyimmenselybybringingoutthistextbook,andwe
thanktheirleadership,specificallyGregorySutorius,foralltheirsupportthroughthisprocess.
Thistextbookwouldnotbepossiblewithoutthediligenceandhardworkofthedevelopmental
editorial team headed by Sarah Simeziane and Barbara Lopez-Lucio, and we appreciate all
their efforts in giving this textbook its current form. We truly hope this textbook will foster
increasedawareness,interest,andapplicabilityofkeyconceptsincardio-nephrologytopatient
care in everyday practice.
The editors would like to acknowledge the following for their specialty editorial input in
cardiology, for select sections of this textbook:
(cid:129) Igor Palacios, MD (Massachusetts General Hospital)
(cid:129) Christian Witzke, MD (Einstein Medical Center)
Philadelphia, USA Janani Rangaswami, MD
Chicago, USA Edgar V. Lerma, MD
Vicenza, Italy Claudio Ronco, MD
ix
Contents
Part I Cardiovascular Disease Spectrum in Chronic Kidney Disease
1 Endothelial Dysfunction and Nitric Oxide: Albuminuria
as a Central Marker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Jolanta Malyszko, Hanna Bachorzewska-Gajewska, and Jacek Malyszko
2 Vascular and Valvular Calcification in Chronic Kidney Disease:
Pathogenesis and Clinical Outcomes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Hope Caughron, Jose F. Condado, and Vasilis Babaliaros
3 Sudden Cardiac Death in CKD and ESKD: Risk Factors, Mechanisms,
and Therapeutic Strategies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Darren Green, Diana Y.Y. Chiu, and Philip A. Kalra
4 Coronary Artery Disease in CKD: Traditional and Nontraditional
Risk Factors, Diagnosis and Management. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Christian Witzke, Igor Palacios, and Andre Macedo Dias
5 CKD Associated Cardiomyopathy: Molecular Mechanisms,
Imaging Modalities, Disease Evolution and Interventions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Nicola C. Edwards, Manvir Kaur Hayer, Charles J. Ferro,
Jonathan N. Townend, and Richard P. Steeds
Part II Chronic Kidney Disease and CAD: Two Sides of the Same Coin
6 CKD as CAD Equivalent: Inflammatory Milieu and Vascular
Oxidative Stress. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Shien Wen Sheryl Gan and Christopher T. Chan
7 Phosphorus and Mortality: Do We Have the Panacea? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Tatsuo Shimosawa and Rika Jimbo
8 Inhibition of the Renin–Angiotensin System: How Far Have We Come? . . . 77
Jay Ian Lakkis and Matthew R. Weir
9 Vitamin D and Its Role in CKD and CAD: A Novel Therapeutic Target . . . 97
Kenneth Lim, Thomas F Hiemstra, and Ravi Thadhani
10 Association of Catalytic (Labile) Iron with Cardiovascular Morbidity
and Mortality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Mohan Rajapurkar, Suhas S. Lele, Nasim Khan, and Sudhir V. Shah
xi
xii Contents
11 Erythropoietin and Its Cardiovascular Effects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
Nupur Gupta and Jay B. Wish
Part III Cardio-Renal Syndrome
12 Pathophysiology of the Cardiorenal Syndromes Types 1–5:
Updates from the Eleventh Consensus Conference of the Acute
Dialysis Quality Initiative (ADQI). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
Luca Di Lullo, Antonio Bellasi, and Mario Cozzolino
13 Hemodynamic Cross-Talk in Cardiorenal Syndrome: Era of Biomarkers. . . 145
Faeq Husain-Syed, Salvador Lopez-Giacoman, and Horst-Walter Birk
14 Kidney Attack: Is NGAL Set to Take the Stage with Troponins?. . . . . . . . . 155
Prasad Devarajan
15 Ultrafiltration Therapy in Decompensated Heart Failure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
Dan Negoianu
16 Bioimpedance Vectorial Analyses in Cardiorenal Syndrome. . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
Nadia Aspromonte, Francesco Monitillo, Roberto Valle,
and Massimo Iacoviello
17 Novel Therapies for Acute Decompensated Heart Failure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
Bryan A. Smith and John E.A. Blair
18 Kidney Injury in Patients with Ventricular Assist Devices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
Ami M. Patel, Karan Kapoor, and Michael R. Rudnick
19 Palliation with Dual Burden of Heart and Kidney Failure:
An Underutilized Strategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
Robin Turner and Hesham Shaban
Part IV Cardiac Evaluation of the Renal Transplant Candidate
20 Screening Strategies for Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) in Candidates
for Kidney Transplants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
Guilherme Vianna Silva, John D. Allison,
and Francisco Yuri Bulcao Macedo
21 Cardiac Pre-operative Evaluation as an Opportunity to Optimize
Risk Factors in Kidney Transplant Candidates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
Amer Kasim Ardati
22 Revascularization in Patients on the Renal Transplant List:
When and What Is Appropriate?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
Pablo Rengifo-Moreno, Alexandre C. Ferreira, and Eduardo de Marchena
23 Pulmonary Hypertension in the Potential Kidney Transplant Recipient . . . . 243
Sourin Banerji and Anjali Vaidya
24 Cardiac Surveillance Whilst Listed for Renal Transplantation. . . . . . . . . . . 251
Karen L. Keung, Madhav C. Menon, and Barbara Murphy
Contents xiii
25 Post-Kidney Transplant Modification of Cardiovascular Risk . . . . . . . . . . . 259
Mythili Ghanta, Swati Rao, Iris Lee, and Serban Constantinescu
26 Cardiomyopathy in the Potential Kidney Transplant Candidate. . . . . . . . . . 271
Burhan Mohamedali
Part V Anticoagulation and Antiplatelet Therapy in CKD
27 Anticoagulation in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation and Chronic
Kidney Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
Michelle D. Carlson and Gautam R. Shroff
28 Anticoagulation-Related Nephropathy: Tip of the Iceberg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
David S. Wheeler
29 Impact of Antiplatelet Therapy and Platelet Reactivity Testing
on Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease. . . . . 301
Sandeep Nathan and Brian Conway
Part VI Interventional Strategies in Cardiovascular Disease in CKD
30 Revascularization Strategies in Chronic Kidney Disease:
Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Versus Coronary
Artery Bypass Graft Surgery. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
Amit V. Patel and Sripal Bangalore
31 Revascularization Strategies in CKD: Antiplatelet Therapy,
Stent Type, Timing, and Complications of PCI. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
Marwan Y. Qattan and Somjot S. Brar
32 Peripheral Arterial Disease in CKD: Disease Burden, Outcomes
and Interventional Strategies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337
Bhalaghuru Chokkalingam Mani and Nicholas J. Ruggiero II
33 Contrast Induced Nephropathy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347
Jatinder Kohli, Akash N. Sethi, and Michael R. Rudnick
34 Acute Kidney Injury After Cardiac Surgery. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355
Andrea Perrotti, Benoit Barrucand, and Sidney Chocron
Part VII The Cardiorenometabolic Spectrum
35 Dyslipidemias in CKD and ESKD: Outcomes and Management. . . . . . . . . . 369
David Carruthers and Anand Rohatgi
36 The Cardiac Impact of Atherosclerotic Renovascular Disease (ARVD). . . . . 377
Diana Vassallo, Darren Green, and Philip A. Kalra
37 Preeclampsia: A Mirror into Future Cardiovascular and Renal Health . . . . 385
Scott Blumhof and Janani Rangaswami