Burton's Microbiology for the Health Sciences, 9th Edition

446 Pages·2010·23.3 MB·English

by  Paul G. Engelkirk

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N I N T H E D I T I O N
Burton’s
MICROBIOLOGY
FOR THE
HEALTH SCIENCES
Paul G. Engelkirk,
PhD, MT(ASCP), SM(AAM)
Biomedical Educational Services (Biomed Ed)
Belton, Texas
Adjunct Faculty, Biology Department
Temple College, Temple, TX
Janet Duben-Engelkirk,
EdD, MT(ASCP)
Biomedical Educational Services (Biomed Ed)
Belton, Texas
Adjunct Faculty, Biotechnology Department
Temple College, Temple, TX
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Ninth Edition
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9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Engelkirk, Paul G.
Burton’s microbiology for the health sciences / Paul G. Engelkirk, Janet Duben-Engelkirk. — 9th ed.
p. ; cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-60913-321-4
1. Microbiology. 2. Medical microbiology. 3. Allied health personnel. I. Burton, Gwendolyn R. W.
(Gwendolyn R. Wilson) II. Duben-Engelkirk, Janet L. III. Title. IV. Title: Microbiology for the health sciences.
[DNLM: 1. Microbiological Processes. 2. Communicable Diseases—microbiology. QW 4 E575b 2011]
QR41.2.B88 2010
616.9'041—dc22
2009036495
DISCLAIMER
Care has been taken to confirm the accuracy of the information present and to describe generally accepted
practices. However, the authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for any
consequences from application of the information in this book and make no warranty, expressed or implied,
with respect to the currency, completeness, or accuracy of the contents of the publication. Application of this
information in a particular situation remains the professional responsibility of the practitioner; the clinical treat-
ments described and recommended may not be considered absolute and universal recommendations.
The authors, editors, and publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set
forth in this text are in accordance with the current recommendations and practice at the time of publication.
However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information
relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for
any change in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important
when the recommended agent is a new or infrequently employed drug.
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clearance for limited use in restricted research settings. It is the responsibility of the healthcare provider to
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Dedicated to the original author of this book,
Dr. Gwendolyn R.W. Burton,
whose spirit lives on within its pages.
Gwen,
we will remember you,
think of you,
pray for you.
And when another day is through,
we’ll still be friends with you.
(paraphrased lyrics of a song by the late and much loved John Denver)
AND
To our parents,
without whose love and support,
we could have never
fulfilled our dreams.
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ABOUT THE AUTHORS
Paul G. Engelkirk, PhD, MT(ASCP), SM(AAM), is a retired
professor of biological sciences in the Science Department
at Central Texas College in Killeen, Texas, where he
taught introductory microbiology for 12 years. Before
joining Central Texas College, he was an associate profes-
sor at the University of Texas Health Science Center in
Houston, Texas, where he taught diagnostic microbiol-
ogy to medical technology students for 8 years. Prior to
his teaching career, Dr. Engelkirk served 22 years as an
officer in the U.S. Army Medical Department, supervis-
ing various immunology, clinical pathology, and microbi-
ology laboratories in Germany, Vietnam, and the United
States. He retired from the Army with the rank of
Lieutenant Colonel.
Dr. Engelkirk received his bachelor’s degree in biol-
ogy from New York University and his master’s and doc-
torate degree (both in microbiology and public health)
from Michigan State University. He received additional
medical technology and tropical medicine training at
Walter Reed Army Hospital in Washington, D.C., and clinical chemistry and related subjects for 12 years. In
specialized training in anaerobic bacteriology, myco- 1992, Dr. Duben-Engelkirk assumed the position of
bacteriology, and virology at the Centers for Disease Director of Allied Health and Clinical Laboratory
Control and Prevention in Atlanta, Georgia. Science Education at Scott and White Hospital in
Dr. Engelkirk is the author or coauthor of four mi- Temple, Texas, wherein her responsibilities included
crobiology textbooks, 10 additional book chapters, five teaching microbiology and clinical chemistry. She also
medical laboratory-oriented self-study courses, and many served as Interim Program Director for the Medical
scientific articles. He also served for 14 years as coeditor Laboratory Technician program at Temple College. In
of four separate newsletters for clinical microbiology lab- 2006, Dr. Duben-Engelkirk assumed the position of
oratory personnel. Dr. Engelkirk has been engaged in chair of the biotechnology department at the Texas
various aspects of clinical microbiology for more than Bioscience Institute and Temple College, where she was
45 years and is a past president of the Rocky Mountain responsible for curriculum development and administra-
Branch of the American Society for Microbiology. He tion of the biotechnology degree programs. She is now
and his wife, Janet, currently provide biomedical educa- semiretired and teaching online biotechnology courses
tional services through their consulting business (Biomed for the Temple College Biotechnology Department. She
Ed), located in Belton, Texas. Dr. Engelkirk’s hobbies in- and her husband, Paul, are also co-owners of a biomed-
clude RVing, hiking, kayaking, nature photography, writ- ical education consulting business.
ing, and working in his yard. Dr. Duben-Engelkirk was coeditor of a widely used
clinical chemistry textbook and coauthored a clinical
Janet Duben-Engelkirk, EdD, MT(ASCP),has over 30 years anaerobic bacteriology textbook with Paul. She has au-
of experience in clinical laboratory science and higher ed- thored or coauthored numerous book chapters, journal
ucation. She received her bachelor’s degrees in biology and articles, self-study courses, newsletters, and other educa-
medical technology and her master’s degree in technical tional materials over the course of her career.
education from the University of Akron, and her doctorate Dr. Duben-Engelkirk has received many awards dur-
in allied health education and administration from a com- ing her career, including Outstanding Young Leader in
bined program through the University of Houston and Allied Health, the American Society for Clinical
Baylor College of Medicine in Houston, Texas. Laboratory Science’s Omicron Sigma Award for out-
Dr. Duben-Engelkirk began her career in clinical standing service, and Teaching Excellence Awards. Her
laboratory science education teaching students “on the professional interests include instructional technology,
bench” in a community hospital in Akron, Ohio. She computer-based instruction, and distance education.
then became Education Coordinator for the Clinical Outside of the office and classroom, Dr. Duben-
Laboratory Science Program at the University of Texas Engelkirk enjoys taking cruises, reading, music, yoga,
Health Science Center at Houston, where she taught movies, hiking, and camping.
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PREFACE
Microbiology—the study of microbes—is a fascinating make it more useful and more appealing. Color illustra-
subject that impacts our daily lives in numerous ways. tions appear throughout the book, rather than being
Microbes live on us and in us. They are vital in many grouped together in one location. The book is divided
industries. Microbes are essential for the cycling and into eight major sections, containing a total of 21 chap-
recycling of elements such as carbon, oxygen, and nitro- ters. Each chapter contains a Chapter Outline, Learning
gen, and provide most of the oxygen in our atmosphere. Objectives, Self-Assessment Exercises, and information
They are used to clean up toxic wastes. Microbes are about the contents of the Student CD-ROM. Interesting
used in genetic engineering and gene therapy. And, of historical information, in the form of “Historical Notes,”
course, many microbes cause disease. In recent years, is spread throughout the book and is presented in appro-
the public has been bombarded with news reports about priate chapters.
microbe-associated medical problems such as swine flu,
bird flu, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS),
STUDENT-FRIENDLY FEATURES
flesh-eating bacteria, mad cow disease, superbugs, black
mould in buildings, West Nile virus, bioterrorism, an-
The authors have made every attempt to create a stu-
thrax, smallpox, food recalls as a result of Escherichia coli
dent-friendly book. The book can be used by all types of
and Salmonella contamination, and epidemics of
students, including those with little or no science back-
meningitis, hepatitis, influenza, tuberculosis, and diar-
ground and mature students returning to school after an
rheal diseases.
absence of several years. It is written in a clear and con-
cise manner. It contains more than 30 Study Aid boxes,
WRITTEN FOR HEALTHCARE which summarize important information and explain dif-
PROFESSIONALS ficult concepts and similar-sounding terms. New terms
are highlighted and defined in the text, and are included
Burton’s Microbiology for the Health Scienceshas been writ- in a Glossary at the back of the book.
ten primarily for nurses and other healthcare profession- Answers to Self-Assessment Exercises contained in
als. This book provides students of these professions with the book can be found in Appendix A. Appendix B con-
vital microbiology information that will enable them to tains a summary of key points about the most important
carry out their duties in an informed, safe, and efficient bacterial pathogens discussed in the book. In the past,
manner. It is appropriate for use in any one-semester in- students have found this appendix to be especially help-
troductory microbiology course, whether for students of ful. Appendix C contains useful formulas for conversion
the healthcare professions or for science or biology ma- of one type of unit to another (e.g., Fahrenheit to Celsius
jors. Unlike many of the other introductory microbiol- and vice versa). Because Greek letters are commonly used
ogy texts on the market, all of the material in this book in microbiology, the Greek alphabet can be found in
can be covered in a single semester. Appendix D.
Chapters of special importance to students of the
healthcare professions include those dealing with antibi-
STUDENT CD-ROM
otics and other antimicrobial agents, epidemiology and
public health, healthcare-associated infections, infection
The Student CD-ROM included with the book provides
control, how microbes cause disease, how our bodies
a vast amount of supplemental information.
protect us from pathogens and infectious diseases, and
Each section of the CD-ROM includes the primary
the major viral, bacterial, fungal, and parasitic diseases
objectives of the chapter, a list of new terms introduced
ofhumans.
in the chapter, a review of key points, and sections enti-
tled “Insight,” “Increase Your Knowledge,” and “Critical
NEW TO THE NINTH EDITION Thinking.” Case Studies are provided for the chapters on
infectious diseases. The Student CD-ROM also contains
The most obvious changes in the ninth edition are an in- answers to the Self-Assessment Exercises found in the
creased number of color illustrations and the redistribu- book, and additional Self-Assessment Exercises with an-
tion of information about infectious diseases. The eighth swers. Instructor information on “thePoint” includes
edition’s lengthy and somewhat cumbersome chapter on suggested laboratory exercises, suggested audiovisual
infectious diseases (Chapter 17) has been divided into aids, an image bank, a test generator, and answers to the
five chapters (Chapters 17 through 21 in the ninth edi- various Case Studies and Self-Assessment Exercises in
tion). The artwork has been expanded and updated to the book and on the Student CD-ROM.
v
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vi Preface
TO OUR READERS thanks to our extremely efficient Managing Editor,
Ms. Laura Horowitz, who was an absolute delight to
As you will discover, the concise nature of this book makes work with; to Gregory Bond, MSN, for his thorough
each sentence significant. Thus, you will be intellectually review of the previous edition; to the authors of other
challenged to learn each new concept as it is presented. It Lippincott Williams & Wilkins textbooks, whose illus-
is our hope that you will enjoy your study of microbiology trations appear throughout the book; to Dr. Patrick
and be motivated to further explore this exciting field, es- Hidy, RN, and Christine Vernon, for providing many of
pecially as it relates to your occupation. Many students the drawings; and to David B. Troy, Acquisitions Editor;
who have used this textbook in their introductory micro- Allison Powell, Marketing Manager; and Meredith
biology course have gone on to become infection control Brittain and John Larkin, Product Managers from
nurses, epidemiologists, clinical laboratory scientists (med- Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
ical technologists), and microbiologists.
Paul G. Engelkirk, PhD, MT(ASCP), SM(AAM)
OUR THANKS Janet Duben-Engelkirk, EdD, MT(ASCP)
We are deeply indebted to all of the people who helped
with the editing and publication of this book. Special
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USER’S GUIDE
In today’s health careers, a thorough understanding of Something To Think About
microbiology is more important than ever. Burton’s These boxes contain information that will stimu-
Microbiology for the Health Sciences, Ninth Edition, not only late students to ponder interesting possibilities.
provides the conceptual knowledge you will need but also
Test Preparation Features
teaches you how to apply it. This User’s Guide intro-
duces you to the features and tools of this innovative text- These features help you review chapter content and test
book. Each feature is specifically designed to enhance yourself before exams.
your learning experience, preparing you for a successful
Highlighted Key Points
career as a health professional.
Help you pinpoint the main ideas of the text.
CHAPTER OPENER FEATURES
Self-Assessment Exercises
The features that open each chapter are an introduction Help you gauge your understanding of what you have
to guide you through the remainder of the lesson. learned.
Chapter Outline
On the CD-ROM Box
Serves as a “roadmap” to the material ahead.
Directs you to additional content and exercises for
Learning Objectives review on the companion CD-ROM.
Highlight important concepts—helping you to organize
and prioritize learning. BONUS CD-ROM
Introduction Packaged with this textbook, the CD-ROM is a powerful
Familiarizes you with the material covered in the chapter. learning tool. It includes the following features that help
reinforce and review the material covered in the book:
CHAPTER FEATURES
Chapter Learning Tools
The following features appear throughout the body of • Primary Objectives of Each Chapter
the chapter. They are designed to hone critical thinking • Lists of New Terms Introduced in Each Chapter
skills and judgment, build clinical proficiency, and pro- • Review of Key Points
mote comprehension and retention of the material. • Answers to Text-Based Exercises
• Additional Self-Assessment Exercises with Answers
Also included are special “Insight,” “Increase Your
Historical Note Boxes
Knowledge,” “Critical Thinking,” and “Case Study” sec-
Provide insight into the history and development
tions that provide additional information and exercises as
of microbiology and healthcare.
well as fun facts on selected topics from the text.
Additional Appendices
Spotlighting Boxes
A new feature spotlighting healthcare careers. 1. Microbial Intoxications
2. Phyla and Medically Significant Genera within the
Domain Bacteria
Study Aid Boxes 3. Basic Chemistry Concepts
Summarize key information, explain difficult con- 4. Responsibilities of the Clinical Microbiology
cepts, and differentiate similar-sounding terms. Laboratory
5. Clinical Microbiology Laboratory Procedures
6. Preparing Solutions and Dilutions
Clinical Procedure Boxes
Set forth step-by-step instructions for common
procedures.
vii
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CONTENTS
Preface v SECTION III
Chemical and Genetic Aspects of
SECTION I Microorganisms
Introduction to Microbiology
Chapter 6
Biochemistry: The Chemistry of Life . . . . . . . . 84
Chapter 1
Microbiology—The Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Introduction 84
Organic Chemistry 85
Introduction 1
Biochemistry 86
What is Microbiology? 1
Why Study Microbiology? 2 Chapter 7
First Microorganisms on Earth 6 Microbial Physiology and Genetics . . . . . . . . 102
Earliest Known Infectious Diseases 6
Microbial Physiology 102
Pioneers in the Science of Microbiology 6
Metabolic Enzymes 104
Careers in Microbiology 11
Metabolism 106
Chapter 2 Bacterial Genetics 111
Viewing the Microbial World . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Genetic Engineering 118
Gene Therapy 118
Introduction 13
Using the Metric System to Express the Sizes of
Microbes 13 SECTION IV
Microscopes 14 Controlling the Growth of Microbes
Chapter 8
SECTION II Controlling Microbial Growth In Vitro . . . . . . 121
Introduction to Microbes and Cellular Biology
Introduction 122
Factors that Affect Microbial Growth 122
Chapter 3
Encouraging the Growth of Microbes In Vitro 124
Cell Structure and Taxonomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Inhibiting the Growth of Microbes In Vitro 131
Introduction 24
Chapter 9
Eucaryotic Cell Structure 25
Controlling Microbial Growth In Vivo Using
Procaryotic Cell Structure 28
Summary of Structural Differences Between Procaryotic and Antimicrobial Agents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
Eucaryotic Cells 34 Introduction 140
Reproduction of Organisms and Their Cells 35 Characteristics of an Ideal Antimicrobial Agent 142
Taxonomy 35 How Antimicrobial Agents Work 142
Determining Relatedness Among Organisms 38 Antibacterial Agents 142
Antifungal Agents 148
Chapter 4
Antiprotozoal Agents 148
Microbial Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Antiviral Agents 148
Part 1 Acellular and Procaryotic Microbes 40 Drug Resistance 149
Introduction 40 Some Stategies in the War Against Drug Resistance 154
Acellular Microbes 41 Empiric Therapy 154
The Domain Bacteria 52 Undesirable Effects of Antimicrobial Agents 156
The Domain Archaea 66 Concluding Remarks 156
Chapter 5
SECTION V
Microbial Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Environmental and Applied Microbiology
Part 2 Eucaryotic Microbes 69
Introduction 69
Chapter 10
Algae 69
Microbial Ecology and Microbial
Protozoa 72
Biotechnology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
Fungi 74
Lichens 82 Introduction 158
Slime Moulds 82 Symbiotic Relationships Involving Microorganisms 159
viii