Broadband Optical Access Networks

301 Pages·2011·10.663 MB·English

by  Leonid G. Kazovsky, Ning Cheng, Wei-Tao Shaw, David Gutierrez, Shing-Wa Wong

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BROADBAND OPTICAL
ACCESS NETWORKS

BROADBAND OPTICAL
ACCESS NETWORKS
LEONID G. KAZOVSKY
NING CHENG
WEI-TAO SHAW
DAVID GUTIERREZ
SHING-WA WONG
AJOHNWILEY&SONS,INC.,PUBLICATION
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Kazovsky,LeonidG.
Broadbandopticalaccessnetworks/LeonidG.Kazovsky,NingCheng,Wei-TaoShaw,David
Gutierrez,Shing-WaWong.
Includesindex.
ISBN978-0-470-18235-2
PrintedinSingapore
oBookISBN:9780470910931
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CONTENTS
FOREWORD xi
PREFACE xiii
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xv
1 BROADBANDACCESSTECHNOLOGIES:ANOVERVIEW 1
1.1 CommunicationNetworks / 2
1.2 AccessTechnologies / 4
1.2.1 Last-MileBottleneck / 4
1.2.2 AccessTechnologiesCompared / 5
1.3 DigitalSubscriberLine / 6
1.3.1 DSLStandards / 7
1.3.2 ModulationMethods / 8
1.3.3 VoiceoverDSL / 8
1.4 HybridFiberCoax / 9
1.4.1 CableModem / 10
1.4.2 DOCSIS / 10
1.5 OpticalAccessNetworks / 11
1.5.1 PassiveOpticalNetworks / 11
1.5.2 PONStandardDevelopment / 12
1.5.3 WDMPONs / 13
1.5.4 OtherTypesofOpticalAccessNetworks / 15
v
vi CONTENTS
1.6 BroadbandoverPowerLines / 18
1.6.1 Power-LineCommunications / 18
1.6.2 BPLModem / 19
1.6.3 ChallengesinBPL / 20
1.7 WirelessAccessTechnologies / 20
1.7.1 Wi-FiMeshNetworks / 21
1.7.2 WiMAXAccessNetworks / 22
1.7.3 CellularNetworks / 24
1.7.4 SatelliteSystems / 25
1.7.5 LMDSandMMDSSystems / 26
1.8 BroadbandServicesandEmergingTechnologies / 28
1.8.1 BroadbandAccessServices / 29
1.8.2 EmergingTechnologies / 30
1.9 Summary / 31
References / 33
2 OPTICALCOMMUNICATIONS:COMPONENTS
ANDSYSTEMS 34
2.1 OpticalFibers / 35
2.1.1 FiberStructure / 35
2.1.2 FiberMode / 38
2.1.3 FiberLoss / 45
2.1.4 FiberDispersion / 47
2.1.5 NonlinearEffects / 52
2.1.6 Light-WavePropagationinOpticalFibers / 54
2.2 OpticalTransmitters / 55
2.2.1 SemiconductorLasers / 55
2.2.2 OpticalModulators / 66
2.2.3 TransmitterDesign / 71
2.3 OpticalReceivers / 72
2.3.1 Photodetectors / 73
2.3.2 OpticalReceiverDesign / 76
2.4 OpticalAmplifiers / 78
2.4.1 Rare-Earth-DopedFiberAmplifiers / 81
2.4.2 SemiconductorOpticalAmplifiers / 83
2.4.3 RamanAmplifiers / 85
2.5 PassiveOpticalComponents / 86
2.5.1 DirectionalCouplers / 86
2.5.2 OpticalFilters / 89
CONTENTS vii
2.6 SystemDesignandAnalysis / 93
2.6.1 ReceiverSensitivity / 93
2.6.2 PowerBudget / 98
2.6.3 DispersionLimit / 99
2.7 OpticalTransceiverDesignforTDMPONs / 101
2.7.1 Burst-ModeOpticalTransmission / 102
2.7.2 ColorlessONUs / 104
2.8 Summary / 106
References / 107
3 PASSIVEOPTICALNETWORKS:ARCHITECTURES
ANDPROTOCOLS 108
3.1 PONArchitectures / 109
3.1.1 NetworkDimensioningandBandwidth / 110
3.1.2 PowerBudget / 110
3.1.3 Burst-ModeOperation / 112
3.1.4 PONPacketFormatandEncapsulation / 113
3.1.5 DynamicBandwidthAllocation,Ranging,
andDiscovery / 114
3.1.6 ReliabilityandSecurityConcerns / 114
3.2 PONStandardsHistoryandDeployment / 115
3.2.1 BriefDevelopmentalHistory / 115
3.2.2 FTTxDeployments / 116
3.3 BroadbandPON / 117
3.3.1 BPONArchitecture / 118
3.3.2 BPONProtocolandService / 121
3.3.3 BPONTransmissionConvergenceLayer / 125
3.3.4 BPONDynamicBandwidthAllocation / 130
3.3.5 OtherITU-TG.983.xRecommendations / 133
3.4 Gigabit-CapablePON / 133
3.4.1 GPONPhysicalMedium–DependentLayer / 134
3.4.2 GPONTransmissionConvergenceLayer / 137
3.4.3 RecentG.984SeriesStandards,Revisions,and
Amendments / 142
3.5 EthernetPON / 144
3.5.1 EPONArchitecture / 144
3.5.2 EPONPoint-to-MultipointMACControl / 147
3.5.3 OpenImplementationsinEPON / 152
3.5.4 UnresolvedSecurityWeaknesses / 155
viii CONTENTS
3.6 IEEE802.av-200910GEPONStandard / 156
3.6.1 10GEPONPMDArchitecture / 156
3.6.2 10GEPONMACModifications / 158
3.6.3 10GEPONCoexistenceOptions / 161
3.7 Next-GenerationOpticalAccessSystemDevelopment
intheStandards / 162
3.7.1 FSANNGARoadMap / 162
3.7.2 EnergyEfficiency / 163
3.7.3 OtherWorldwideDevelopment / 164
3.8 Summary / 164
References / 165
4 NEXT-GENERATIONBROADBANDOPTICAL
ACCESSNETWORKS 166
4.1 TDM-PONEvolution / 167
4.1.1 EPONBandwidthEnhancements / 168
4.1.2 GPONBandwidthEnhancements / 168
4.1.3 LineRateEnhancementsResearch / 169
4.2 WDM-PONComponentsandNetworkArchitectures / 172
4.2.1 ColorlessONUs / 173
4.2.2 TunableLasersandReceivers / 174
4.2.3 Spectrum-SlicedBroadbandLightSources / 176
4.2.4 Injection-LockedFPLasers / 178
4.2.5 CentralizedLightSourceswithRSOAs / 179
4.2.6 MultimodeFiber / 181
4.3 HybridTDM/WDM-PON / 184
4.3.1 TDM-PONtoWDM-PONEvolution / 184
4.3.2 HybridTreeTopologyEvolution / 186
4.3.3 TreetoRingTopologyEvolution / 195
4.4 WDM-PONProtocolsandSchedulingAlgorithms / 202
4.4.1 MACProtocols / 203
4.4.2 SchedulingAlgorithms / 204
4.5 Summary / 211
References / 211
5 HYBRIDOPTICALWIRELESSACCESSNETWORKS 216
5.1 WirelessAccessTechnologies / 217
5.1.1 IEEE802.16WiMAX / 217
5.1.2 WirelessMeshNetworks / 225