Table Of ContentBRITISH SOCIAL TRENDS SINCE 1900
A./so by A.. H. Halsey
CHANGE IN BRITISH SOCIETY
ORIGINS AND DESTINATIONS
HEREDITY AND ENVIRONMENT
POWER AND IDEOLOGY IN EDUCATION (with J. Karabel)
THE BRITISH ACADEMICS (with M. Trow)
EDUCATION, ECONOMY AND SOCIETY (with Jean Floud)
ENGLISH ETHICAL SOCIALISM (with Norman Dennis)
British Social Trends
since 1900
A Guide to the Changing Social Structure of Britain
Edited by
A. H. Halsey
Fellow of Nuffield College
Professor of Social and Administrative Studies
University of Oxford
M
MACMILLAN
© A. H. Halsey 1972, 1988
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First published as Trends in British Society since 1900 1972 by
THE MACMILLAN PRESS LID
Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 2XS
and London
Companies and representatives
throughout the world
ISBN 978-0-333-34522-1 ISBN 978-1-349-19466-7 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-19466-7
A catalogue record for this book is available
from the British Library.
Second (completely revised) edition (British Social Trends since 1900) 1988
Reprinted 1989, 1993
Contents
List of Tables vii
List of Figures xxii
Notes on the Contributors XXV
Preface xxvii
Acknowledgements xxviii
1 Introduction Statistics and Social Trends in Britain 1
A. H. Halsey
2 Population 36
David Coleman
3 The Economic Environment 135
Andrew Dilnot
4 The Labour Force 162
Robert Price and George Sayers Bain
5 Social Mobility 202
Kenneth Macdonald and John Ridge
6 Schools 226
A. H. Halsey
7 Higher Education 268
A. H. Halsey
8 Electors and Elected 297
David Butler
9 Urbanisation and Local Government 322
Bruce Wood
10 Housing 357
Julia Parker and Catriona Mirrlees
11 Health 398
Klim McPherson and David Coleman
12 Welfare 462
Julia Parker and Catriona Mirrlees
13 Religion 518
Peter Brierley
v
vi Contents
14 Immigration and Ethnicity 561
Ceri Peach, Vaughan Robinson, Julia Maxted and Judith Chance
15 Crime and Penal Measures 616
Nigel Walker
Index 645
List of Tables
1.1 Trends in the family, United Kingdom 20
1.2 Household division of labour: by marital status, 1984, Great
Britain 22
1.3 Trends in the economy, United Kingdom 24
1.4 Self-rated social class, 1986, Great Britain 25
1.5 Trends in the United Kingdom 27
1.6 Distribution of original, disposable, and final household
income, United Kingdom 28
1. 7 Distribution of wealth, United Kingdom 30
1.8 Class distribution by class of father, 1972 and 1983, England
and Wales 31
1.9 Inner City polarisation by type/area, 1971 and 1981 32
2.1 (a) Birth- and death-rates and natural increase, 1901-85,
England and Wales, and Scotland 40
2.1 (b) Birth- and death-rates and national increase, 1901-85,
Northern Ireland 41
2.2 General fertility rate: live births per 1000 women aged 15-44,
1901-85, England and Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland 42
2.3 Fertility trends 1901-85, England and Wales, and Scotland
(live births) 43
2.4 Live births per woman, 1889-1965 (first marriage, woman
under 45 years of age) 45
2.5 (a) Comparative fertility 1911 46
2.5 (b) Comparative fertility 1931. 46
2.5 (c) Mean family size at 1971 Census of married women by period
of marriage and husband's social group 47
2.6 (a) Total number of live births per woman by woman's year of
birth and age, England and Wales 51
2.6 (b) Total nwqber of live births by woman's year of birth and
age, Scotland 52
2. 7 Age specific fertility rates, general fertility rate and total
fertility rate, all live births to married and unmarried women
1938-85, England and Wales 53
2.8 Legitimate live births by duration of marriage, England and
Wales, women married once only 54
2.9 Interval between marriage and last birth, and first and last
birth. Marriages 1931-60, England and Wales, women
married once only under 45 55
VII
viii List of Tables
2.10 Legitimate live births by previous liveborn children. All
married women, 1938-85, England and Wales 55
2.11 Women with uninterrupted first marriage: distribution of
family size by selected years of marriage, 1911-65, England
and Wales, up to 1971 56
2.12 (a) Family planning and contraception 57
2.12 (b) Trends in ever-use by marriage cohort 58
2.12 (c) Ever-married women aged 16-39/40 59
2.13 Legal abortions on women resident in England and Wales,
1968-85 60
2.14 Proportion of pregnancies outside and inside marriage termi-
nated by abortion, 1969-83, England and Wales 61
2.15 Birth-rates by age of mother: illegitimate live births per 1000
unmarried women, 1939-85, England and Wales, and
Scotland 64
2.16 (a) Illegitimate live births according to registration by mother
or by both parents, 1975-85, England and Wales 65
2.16 (b) Jointly registered illegitimate births according to whether
parents gave the same or different addresses of usual
residence at registration: age of mother, 1983-85, England
and Wales 66
2.17 Teenage births and illegitimacy, 1938-85, England and
Wales 68
2.18 Sex ratios at selected ages from census data, 1901-81, England
and Wales, and Scotland (females per 1000 males) 70
2.19 First marriage rates by sex and age, 1901-84, England and
Wales (per 1000 population) 72
2.20 Gross nuptiality to age 49, England and Wales, 1900-1985 74
2.21 Persons ever married as a percentage of the total population
by sex and age, 1901-81, England and Wales, and Scotland
(numbers per 1000 of relevant age-group) 76
2.22 Proportion of women who had lived with their husband
before their current or most recent marriage, whether by first
or subsequent marriage, age of woman at marriage and year
of marriage, Great Britain, 1960-83 78
2.23 (a) Recent trends in cohabitation, Great Britain: women aged
18-49 78
2.23 (b) Percentage cohabiting by legal marital status and age 1982,
1983, Great Britain: women aged 18-49 79
2.24 Petitions for divorce, 1901-85, England and Wales, and
decrees granted, 1901-85, Scotland 80
2.25 Divorce by marital status before marriage, selected marriage
cohorts, 1950-75, males age at marriage 25-29. Cumulative
proportions divorcing per 1000 marriages 81
List of Tables ix
2.26 Proportion of marriages of different types (per 10 00), England
and Wales, 1901-85 82
2.27 Age-specific marriage rates. Rates per 100 persons in each
category, England and Wales, 1980 85
2.28 Expected family size, by year of birth of women. Women aged
18-46, Great Britain, 1981, 1982, 1983 87
2.29 Great Britain: number of live births per woman in separate
social status categories. Ten-year and five-year averages.
(Marriages under 45 years of age only) 89
2.30 Fertility trends by social class, England and Wales. Women
married at age 25-29 years. Average family size at time of
census 90
2.31 Married women married once only at ages under 45 and
enumerated with husband. Mean family size at 1971 Census
by social class of husband and year of marriage (10 per cent
sample), England and Wales 91
2.32 Estimated legitimate live births by social class of father
1971-84, England and Wales 92
~.33 Mean family size by educational level 94
2.34 Fertility and housing tenure, Great Britain, 1977 95
2.35 Live births by birthplace of mother, 1971-85 96
2.36 Average family size by birthplace of mother, 1971, England
and Wales, women married once only 97
2.37 Total fertility rate by birthplace of mother, 1971-85, England
and Wales 98
2.38 Natural increase and net gain or loss by migration, 1901-83,
England and Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland 100
2.39 Immigration from the New Commonwealth and Pakistan,
1963-85 102
2.40 Population growth, 1901-85, England and Wales, Scotland,
and Northern Ireland 104
2.41 Age distribution of the enumerated population at 1901 and
1981 Census by sex, England and Wales, and Scotland 105
2.42 Broad age-groups as a percentage of the total population,
1901-81, England and Wales, and Scotland 106
2.43 Components of population change, mid-1983 to mid-1984 109
2.44 Migration within one year before census data, 1961-81,
England and Wales, and Scotland 110
2.45 Recorded movements between areas, by area of origin and
area of destination, 1985, United Kingdom, Wales, Scotland,
Northern Ireland and standard regions of England 111
2.46 Regional population changes, 1911-81, England and Wales,
and Scotland 112
2.47 Regional population changes, 1951-84, United Kingdom and
Northern Ireland 113
