Blue biotechnology production and use of marine molecules Volume 2

952 Pages·2018·22.933 MB·English

by  Bates, Stephen S., La Barre, Stéphane

BlueBiotechnology
Blue Biotechnology
ProductionandUseofMarineMolecules
EditedbyStéphaneLaBarreandStephenS.Bates
Volume1
Blue Biotechnology
ProductionandUseofMarineMolecules
EditedbyStéphaneLaBarreandStephenS.Bates
Volume2
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ContentstoVolume1
Preface xvii
PartI BulkMarineBiomass–IndustrialApplicationsand
PotentialasPrimarySources 1
1 Microalgae:ARenewableResourceforFoodandFuelsand
More 3
SusanI.BlackburnandKimJyeLee-Chang
1.1 Introduction 4
1.2 SourcingMicroalgae:AlgalCultureCollections 4
1.3 MicroalgalProductionSystems 7
1.3.1 OpenPondCultivation 7
1.3.2 PlasticBagsandTanks 8
1.3.3 Photobioreactors 8
1.3.4 HybridorCombinationGrowthSystems 9
1.3.5 FermentationSystems 9
1.4 UsesofMicroalgalBioproducts 11
1.4.1 Food 11
1.4.2 Feeds 11
1.4.3 Biofuels 12
1.4.4 NeutralLipids:Hydrocarbons 13
1.5 Chemotaxonomy:SettingtheStageforSelectingBiofuelMicroalgae
byTaxonomicGroup 13
1.6 ManipulatingMicroalgalLipidCompositionwithCultureGrowth
PhaseandConditions 14
1.7 High-ValueLipids:Long-ChainPolyunsaturatedFattyAcids 16
1.8 High-ValueLipids:CarotenoidPigments 18
1.9 High-ValueBioproducts:Polysaccharides 20
1.10 WastewaterBioremediationandBioproducts 20
1.11 OtherBioapplicationsandthePotentialforBioengineering 21
1.12 Conclusions 22
vi Contents
Acknowledgments 22
References 23
AbouttheAuthors 32
2 Commercial-ScaleProductionofMicroalgaefor
Bioproducts 33
MichaelBorowitzka
2.1 Introduction 33
2.2 Commercial-ScaleProductionSystems 34
2.3 CurrentCommercialMicroalgaeandProcesses 39
2.3.1 AlgaeforHealthFood(ChlorellaandArthrospira) 39
2.3.1.1 ChlorellaProduction 39
2.3.1.2 ArthrospiraProduction 40
2.3.2 ProductionofCarotenoids(β-CaroteneandAstaxanthin) 43
2.3.2.1 β-CaroteneProductionUsingDunaliellasalina 44
2.3.2.2 AstaxanthinProductionUsingHaematococcuspluvialis 46
2.3.3 ProductionofLong-ChainPolyunsaturatedFattyAcids 49
2.3.3.1 DHAProductionUsingCrypthecodiniumcohniiand
Schizochytrium 49
2.4 PotentialNewProductsfromMicroalgae 50
2.4.1 Carotenoids 50
2.4.2 Sterols 53
2.4.3 Polyhydroxyalkanoates 53
2.4.4 OtherProducts 54
2.5 RegulationsandStandards 54
2.6 Conclusion 55
References 56
AbouttheAuthor 65
3 UbiquitousPhlorotanninsProspectsandPerspectives 67
EmelineCreis,ErwanArGall,andPhilippePotin
3.1 HistoricalBackground 67
3.2 BiosyntheticRoutesandChemistry 68
3.2.1 BiosyntheticRoutes 69
3.2.2 Chemistry 72
3.3 SubcellularLocalization 72
3.4 ExtractionandPurificationofPhlorotannins 73
3.4.1 ExtractionofSolublePhlorotannins 74
3.4.1.1 ExtractionofCell-Wall-BoundPhlorotanninsandTreatmentof
ExudedPhenols 78
3.4.1.2 Purification 78
3.4.1.3 Polarity-BasedSeparation 79
3.4.1.4 HighPressureLiquidChromatography 82
3.4.1.5 MolecularSizeDiscrimination 83
3.4.1.6 PreparativeTLC 84
3.5 IdentificationTechniques 84
Contents vii
3.5.1 ThinLayerChromatography 84
3.5.2 FourierTransformInfraRed 85
3.5.3 NuclearMagneticResonance 85
3.5.4 MassSpectrometry 88
3.6 Quantification 89
3.7 FunctionofPhlorotanninsinBrownAlgae 90
3.8 Phlorotannins:MoleculesofInterestinPharmaceutical,
Cosmeceutical,AgricultureBiotechnology,andIndustrialPolymer
Applications 93
3.9 PharmacologicalApplications 93
3.9.1 CosmeceuticalInterest 95
3.9.1.1 PhotoagingPreventionActivity 95
3.9.2 OtherBiotechnologicalApplications 95
3.9.2.1 FoodPreservation 95
3.9.2.2 Agriculture 95
3.9.2.3 BioadhesivesandPrecursorsofEco-FriendlyResins 95
3.10 ConclusionsandProspects 96
References 97
AbouttheAuthors 115
4 ThePotentialofMicroalgaeforBiotechnology:AFocuson
Carotenoids 117
NicolasvonAlvenslebenandKirstenHeimann
4.1 Introduction 117
4.2 CarotenoidSynthesis 118
4.3 FunctionsofMicroalgalCarotenoids 120
4.3.1 ReactiveOxygenSpeciesScavengingbyCarotenoids 121
4.3.1.1 InfluencesofLightIntensityonMicroalgalGrowthandCarotenoid
Synthesis 122
4.3.1.2 CarotenogenesisResponsestoNutrientLimitation 124
4.3.1.3 CarotenogenesisResponsestoMetalIons:MechanismofAction 124
4.4 FunctionalBenefitsofCarotenoidsasNutraceuticals 126
4.4.1 Carotenes 126
4.4.2 Astaxanthin 127
4.4.3 LuteinandZeaxanthin 130
4.4.4 XanthophyllCyclePigments 130
4.5 Conclusion 131
References 131
AbouttheAuthors 142
5 ApplicationsofAlgalBiomassinGlobalFoodandFeed
Markets:FromTraditionalUsagetothePotentialfor
FunctionalProducts 143
YannickLerat,M.L.Cornish,andAlanT.Critchley
5.1 Introduction 143
5.2 AlgalProducts 144
viii Contents
5.2.1 RawBiomass 144
5.2.2 WholeAlgae 145
5.2.2.1 Protein 147
5.2.2.2 Lipids 149
5.2.3 ExtractsandOtherMoleculesofInterest 151
5.2.3.1 Carotenoids 151
5.2.3.2 Polyphenols 155
5.2.3.3 Vitamins 156
5.2.3.4 Minerals 158
5.2.3.5 Iodine 159
5.2.3.6 Polysaccharides 160
5.2.3.7 DietaryFibers 160
5.3 Applications 161
5.3.1 AnimalFeeds 161
5.3.1.1 SWOTAnalysisforInclusionofSelectedAlgaeandAlgalProperties
inAnimalFeed 164
5.3.2 HumanFoodApplications 166
5.3.2.1 PotentialToxicity 167
5.3.2.2 MarketDescription 168
5.3.2.3 SWOTAnalysisfortheInclusionofAlgaeinHumanFood
Applications 175
5.4 Conclusions 177
References 178
AbouttheAuthors 188
6 PhytoplanktonGlycerolipids:ChallengingbutPromising
ProspectsfromBiomedicinetoGreenChemistryand
Biofuels 191
JosselinLupetteandEricMaréchal
6.1 Introduction 191
6.2 FattyAcids,MembraneGlycerolipids,andTriacylglycerolin
Phytoplankton 192
6.2.1 GeneralDefinitionofGlycerolipids 192
6.2.2 FattyAcids 192
6.2.2.1 MembraneGlycerolipidsandTriacylglycerol 194
6.3 GeneralPrinciplesofGlycerolipidBiosynthesisinPhotosynthetic
Cells 202
6.3.1 InPrimaryEndosymbionts(Glaucophyta,RedAlgae,andGreen
Algae) 202
6.3.1.1 TheStromaofChloroplastsistheCellularFactoryofFattyAcids 202
6.3.1.2 TheEndoplasmicReticulumistheSiteofFattyAcidElongation 202
6.3.1.3 TheEndoplasmicReticulumGeneratesMembraneGlycerolipids
andistheSiteofBiosynthesisofTriacylglycerol 203
6.3.1.4 TheChloroplastEnvelopeisaSiteofSynthesisofGlycerolipids,
IncludingtheMostAbundantLipidsofThylakoids:Mono-and
Digalactosyldiacylglycerol 204
Contents ix
6.3.1.5 ConversionofGalactolipidsintoTriacylglycerol 204
6.3.2 InSecondaryEndosymbionts(IncludingDiatomsand
Eustigmatophytes) 205
6.4 Algae-BasedFattyAcids:TechnologicalChallengesandPromising
Applications 205
6.5 Conclusions 207
Acknowledgments 209
ListofAbbreviations 209
References 210
AbouttheAuthors 215
7 TheBioremediationPotentialofSeaweeds:Recycling
Nitrogen,Phosphorus,andOtherWasteProducts 217
NicolasNeveux,JohnJ.Bolton,AnnetteBruhn,DavidA.Roberts,
andMoniqueRas
7.1 Introduction 218
7.2 UlvalesintheBioremediationofExcessNutrients 220
7.2.1 BioremediationinLand-BasedSystemswithUlvaCultivation 220
7.2.2 InfrastructureforLand-BasedCultivationofUlva 221
7.2.3 UlvaProductionRatesandNutrientUptakeinAquaculture 222
7.2.4 AFullyCommercialExample:Abalone/UlvaIntegratedAquaculture
inSouthAfrica 223
7.3 KelpsintheBioremediationofExcessNutrients 224
7.3.1 BioremediationinCoastalWaterswithKelpCultivation 224
7.3.2 KelpsasNutrientScrubbers:NutrientRemediationCapacity 224
7.3.3 KelpsasNon-FedNutrientExtractiveCropsinIntegrated
MultitrophicAquaculture 225
7.3.4 KelpsforBiomitigationofCoastalEutrophication 226
7.3.5 ChallengesandFuturePerspectives 226
7.4 BioremediationofDissolvedMetalswithSeaweeds 227
7.4.1 BiosorptionofDissolvedMetalswithSeaweedBiomass 227
7.4.1.1 BarrierstoImplementingBiosorption 228
7.4.2 BioaccumulationofMetalsthroughCultivationofLiveSeaweed
Biomass 229
7.4.3 ChallengesandFuturePerspectives 230
Acknowledgments 230
References 230
AbouttheAuthors 237
8 CultivationandConversionofTropicalRedSeaweedinto
FoodandFeedIngredients,AgriculturalBiostimulants,
RenewableChemicals,andBiofuel 241
ShrikumarSuryanarayan,IainC.Neish,SailajaNori,andNelsonVadassery
8.1 Cultivation 241
8.1.1 CurrentBiomassProductionandUses 241
x Contents
8.1.2 FarmSuccessFactors 243
8.1.3 DevelopingInnovationsinTropicalMarineAgronomy 245
8.2 MUZEProcessing 246
8.3 MUZEProductsfromRedSeaweed 247
8.3.1 SeaVegetablesasHumanFood 247
8.3.2 SeaweedConcentrates(SWC)forAgriculture 248
8.3.2.1 SWCAnimalFeedComponents 254
8.3.2.2 SWCBiostimulantsforPlants 255
8.3.3 RenewableChemicals 257
8.3.3.1 CarrageenanConversiontoBiodegradableFilms 257
8.3.3.2 CarrageenanConversiontoSuperabsorbentHydrogels 257
8.3.4 Biofuels 257
8.3.4.1 BiofuelsfromFermentation 258
8.3.4.2 BiofuelsfromHydrothermalLiquefaction 258
References 259
AbouttheAuthors 263
PartII MarineMoleculesforDiseaseTreatment/Prevention
andforBiologicalResearch 265
9 UseofMarineCompoundstoTreatIschemicDiseases 267
CatherineBoisson-Vidal
9.1 HistoryofNaturalMarineProducts 268
9.2 PeripheralArterialDiseaseandCardiovascularRisks: Treatments
andUnmetNeeds 274
9.2.1 PreventionofDiseaseProgression 274
9.2.2 Anticoagulation 275
9.2.3 SurgicalRevascularization 275
9.2.4 NovelTherapies:TherapeuticAngiogenesis 276
9.2.4.1 CellTherapy 276
9.2.4.2 HowDoNewBloodVesselsForm? 276
9.3 Chemistry 278
9.3.1 ExtractionandPreparationofLowMolecularWeightFucoidan
Fractions 278
9.3.2 StructuralDetermination 279
9.4 BiologicalProperties 279
9.4.1 MarinePolysaccharidesExhibitAnticoagulantActivity 279
9.4.1.1 PrincipleofAnticoagulation 280
9.4.1.2 MarinePolysaccharidesHavePotentAnticoagulantProperties 280
9.4.1.3 FucoidanExhibitsVenousandArterialAntithromboticProperties
withNoHemorrhagicRisk 280
9.4.2 MarinePolysaccharidesHaveAngiogenicProperties 280
9.4.2.1 ContrarytoOtherPolysaccharides,FucoidanPotentiates
AngiogenesisInVitroandInVivo 281