Biotic and abiotic factors influencing diversification of herbivorous mammals by Lucy Tran A ...

181 Pages·2015·2.46 MB·English

by  Lucy Tran

Biotic and abiotic factors influencing diversification of herbivorous mammals
by
Lucy Tran
A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment
of the requirements for the degree of
Doctor of Philosophy
(Ecology and Evolutionary Biology)
in the University of Michigan
2015
Doctoral Committee:
Professor L. Lacey Knowles, Chair
Research Associate Professor Liliana Cortés Ortiz
Professor Diarmaid Ó Foighil
Professor John C. Mitani
© Lucy Tran
2015
To my parents, for allowing me to follow my dreams, and to Joe, for supporting me while I
pursue them
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I am forever grateful to Lacey Knowles, Liliana Cortés Ortiz, John Mitani, Diarmaid Ó Foighil,
Miriam Zelditch, Dan Rabosky, Catherine Badgley, Qixin He, Anna Papadoupoulou, and Diego
Alvarado Serrano for the valuable and thought-provoking discussions of science throughout my
graduate training. Miriam Zelditch, Diego Alvarado Serrano, Eladio Marquez, Elen Oneal,
Raquel Marchan-Rivadeneira, and Hayley Lanier are recognized for their instrumental guidance
with morphometrics for Chapter II and Carlos Anderson for troubleshooting the BAMM analyses
for Chapter III. I am indebted to Anna Papadopoulou, Qixin He, Mark Christie, Pavel Klimov,
Raquel Marchan-Rivadeneira, and Joseph Knoedler for their insightful comments on previous
versions of the manuscripts comprising this dissertation. Thanks are also owed to the members of
the Knowles lab throughout the years for the scientific enrichment, in particular John
McCormack, Amanda June Zellmer, Danielle Edwards, Huateng Huang, and Tim Connallon. I
cannot thank Ken Nagy, Travis Longcore, and my Spring 2006 Field Biology Quarter friends
enough for introducing me to the joys of field research. Thea Wang, Kyle Larson, Corey
Duberstein, and Shauna Price were inspiring research mentors and role models. I could not have
completed this thesis without the sanity check provided by my friends (near or far) throughout
the years, especially Linda Quach, Nancy Su, Rachel Cohen, Jenabel Lee, Qixin He, Kelsey
Pressler, Jingchun Li, Leiling Tao, Gyorgy Barabas, and Michael Sheehan. You all have my
deepest gratitude. Funding for this dissertation was generously provided by the Museum of
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Zoology Hinsdale and Walker Awards, EEB Block grants, Rackham International Research
Award, American Society of Mammalogists Grants-in-Aid, and a National Science Foundation
Graduate Research Fellowship.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
DEDICATION.................................................................................................................................ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS............................................................................................................iii
LIST OF TABLES..........................................................................................................................vi
LIST OF FIGURES......................................................................................................................viii
ABSTRACT.....................................................................................................................................x
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION.....................................................................................................1
CHAPTER II: THE ROLE OF ECOLOGICAL OPPORTUNITY IN SHAPING DISPARATE
DIVERSIFICATION TRAJECTORIES IN A BICONTINENTAL PRIMATE RADIATION...10
CHAPTER III: INTERACTION BETWEEN DIGESTIVE STRATEGY AND NICHE
SPECIALIZATION PREDICTS SPECIATION RATES ACROSS HERBIVOROUS
MAMMALS..................................................................................................................................61
CHAPTER IV: BOUNDS OF HISTORICAL CLIMATIC INSTABILITY DIFFER AMONG
HERBIVOROUS MAMMALS...................................................................................................113
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION....................................................................................................166
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LIST OF TABLES
Table 2.1. Fits of diversification models to phylogenetic data......................................................28
Table 2.2. Fits of the folivory-dependent speciation and extinction models.................................29
Table S2.1. Landmarks and semilandmarks of mandible shape....................................................30
Table S2.2. Cranio-mandibular dental (CMD) characters.............................................................31
Table S2.3. Taxonomy of colobine monkeys (subfamily Colobinae)...........................................34
Table S2.4. Diet data of species.....................................................................................................35
Table S2.5. Fits of diversification models to phylogenetic data....................................................37
Table S2.6. Fits of the folivory-dependent speciation and extinction models...............................38
Table 3.1. Lineages of terrestrial, herbivorous mammals that were analyzed in this study..........81
Table 3.2. Phylogenetic generalized least-squares regressions.....................................................82
Table S3.1. List of sources for trophic level and fermentation state of species considered in this
study...............................................................................................................................................83
Table S3.2. List of dietary items in primate species' diets, reclassified using the PanTHERIA
scheme............................................................................................................................................94
Table S3.3. Description of variables used to compute the maximum environmental disparity
metric.............................................................................................................................................97
Table 4.1. Description of variables used to calculate multivariate climate anomaly..................133
Table 4.2. Phylogenetic signal of multivariate climate anomaly and species richness...............134
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Table 4.3. Models of trait evolution for multivariate climate anomaly and species richness......135
Table 4.4. Scores from phylogenetic principal components analysis (PCA) of climate anomaly.
......................................................................................................................................................136
Table 4.5. Species at climatic instability limits of hindgut and foregut-fermenting mammals...137
Table 4.6. Regression analyses of climate anomaly and species richness...................................138
Table S4.1. Area under the operator receiving curve (AUC) of MaxEnt models for species
analyzed in this study...................................................................................................................139
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 2.1. Lineage-through-time plots of the African and Asian clades......................................39
Figure 2.2. Disparity through time of feeding morphology...........................................................40
Figure 2.3. Folivory-dependent rates of speciation and extinction................................................41
Figure S2.1. Gamma statistics for the phylogenies........................................................................42
Figure S2.2. Node height tests of feeding morphology.................................................................43
Figure S2.3. Phylogeny of Colobinae............................................................................................44
Figure 3.1. Cladogram of 46 lineages of terrestrial, herbivorous mammals selected for
comparative analyses.....................................................................................................................98
Figure 3.2. Relationship between niche specialization and speciation..........................................99
Figure 3.3. Differences in niche specialization between foregut and hindgut-fermenting clades.
......................................................................................................................................................100
Figure 3.4. Differences in speciation between foregut and hindgut-fermenting clades..............101
Figure S3.1. Scatterplot of diet breadth reclassified in this study and data from PanTHERIA for
primates........................................................................................................................................102
Figure 4.1. Maps of species richness...........................................................................................150
Figure 4.2. Plot of phylogenetic principal components of climate anomaly...............................151
Figure 4.3. Phylogenetic principal components bi-plot...............................................................152
Figure 4.4. Comparisons of climate anomaly and species richness between hindgut and foregut-
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fermenting mammals...................................................................................................................153
Figure 4.5. Geographic distributions of artiodactyl species at limits of climatic instability.......154
Figure 4.6. Climatic instability space of herbivorous mammals.................................................155
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