Biotechnology, 2nd Edition, Volume 2: Genetic Fundamentals and Genetic Engineering

873 Pages·1996·62.35 MB·English

by  Alfred Puhler

Biot echnology
Second Edition
Volume 2
Genetic Fundamentals
and Genetic Engineering
Biotechnology
Second Edition
Fundamentals Special Topics
Volume 1 Volume 9
Biological Fundamentals Enzymes, Biomass, Food and Feed
Volume 2 Volume 10
Genetic Fundamentals and Special Processes
Genetic Engineering
Volume 11
Volume 3 Environmental Processes
Bioprocessing
Volume 12
Volume 4 Modern Biotechnology:
Measuring, Modelling, and Control Legal, Economic and
Social Dimensions
Products
Volume 5
Genetically Engineered Proteins and
Monoclonal Antibodies
Volume 6
Products of Primary Metabolism
Volume 7
Products of Secondary Metabolism
Volume 8
Biotransformations
0 VCH Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, D-6940 Weinheim (Federal Republic of Germany), 1993
Distribution:
VCH, P.O. Box 101161, D-6940 Weinheim (Federal Republic of Germany)
Switzerland: VCH, P. 0. Box, CH-4020 Basel (Switzerland)
United Kingdom and Ireland: VCH (UK) Ltd., 8 Wellington Court, Cambridge CB1 1HZ (Eqgland)
USA and Canada: VCH, 220 East 23rd Street, New York, NY 10010-4606 (USA)
ISBN 3-527-28312-9 (VCH, Weinheim) ISBN 1-56081-152-8( VCH, New York)
Set ISBN 3-527-28310-2 (VCH, Weinheim) Set ISBN 1-56081-602-3( VCH, New York)
A Multi-Volume Comprehensive Treatise
Biotechnology
Second, Completely Revised Edition
Edited by
H.-J. Rehm and G. Reed
in cooperation with
A. Puhler and F? Stadler
Volume 2
Genetic Fundamentals
and Genetic Engineering
Edited by
A. Puhler
VCH
- - -
Weinheim New York Base1 Cambridge
Series Editors: Volume Editor:
Prof. Dr. H.-J. Rehm Dr. G. Reed Prof. Dr. A. Puhler
Institut fur Mikrobiologie 2131 N. Summit Ave. Biologie VI (Genetik)
Universitat Munster Apartment #304 Universitat Bielefeld
CorrensstraBe 3 Milwaukee, WI 53202-1347 PO. Box 100131
D-4400 Munster USA D-4800 Bielefeld 1
Prof. Dr. A. Puhler Dr. P. J-. W. Stadler
Biologie VI (Genetik) Bayer'AG
Universitat Bielefeld Verfahrensentwicklung Biochemie
P.O. Box 100131 Leitung
D-4800 Bielefeld 1 Friedrich-Ebert-StraRe 217
D-5600 Wuppertal 1
This book was carefully produced. Nevertheless, authors. editors and publisher do not warrant the information con-
tained therein to be free of errors. Readers are advised to keepin mind that statements, data, illustrations, procedural
details or other items may inadvertently be inaccurate.
Published jointly by
VCH Verlagsgesellschaft mbH. Weinheim (Federal Republic of Germany)
VCH Publishers Inc., New York, NY (USA)
Editorial Director: Dr. Hans-Joachim Kraus
Editorial Manager: Christa Maria Schultz
Copy Editor: Karin Dembowsky
Production Director: Maximilian Montkowski
Production Manager: Dipl. Wirt.-Ing. (FH) Hans-Jochen Schmitt
Library of Congress Card No.: applied for
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data:
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Die Deutsche Bibliothek - CIP-Einheitsaufnahme
Biotechnology : a multi volume comprehensive treatise / ed. by
H.-J. Rehm and G. Reed. In cooperation with A. Piihler and P.
Stadler. - 2., completely rev. ed. - Weinheim; New York;
Basel; Cambridge: VCH.
NE: Rehm, Hans J. [Hrsg.]
Z., completely rev. ed.
Vol. 2. Genetic fundamentals and genetic engineering / ed. by A. Piihler
- 1993
ISBN 3-527-28312-9 (Weinheim)
ISBN 1-56081-152-8 (New York)
NE: Piihler, Alfred [Hrsg.]
OVCH Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, D-6940 Weinheim (Federal Republic of Germany), 1993
Printed on acid-free and low-chlorine paper.
Nopart ofthisbookmay be reproducedinany form
Allrightsreserved(inc1udingthoseoftranslationintootherlanguages).
-by photoprinting, microfilm, or any other means -nor transmitted or translated into a machine language without written
permission from the publishers. Registered names, trademarks, etc. used in this book, even when not specifically marked
as such, are not to be considered unprotected by law.
Composition and Printing: Zechnersche Buchdruckerei, D-6720 Speyer.
Bookbinding: Klambt-Druck GmbH, D-6720 Speyer
Printed in the Federal Republic of Germany
Preface
In recognition of the enormous advances in A carefully selected and distinguished Scien-
biotechnology in recent years, we are pleased tific Advisory Board stands behind the series.
to present this Second Edition of “Biotechno- Its members come from key institutions repre-
logy” relatively soon after the introduction of senting scientific input from about twenty
the First Edition of this multi-volume compre- countries.
hensive treatise. Since this series was extremely The volume editors and the authors of the
well accepted by the scientific community, we individual chapters have been chosen for their
have maintained the overall goal of creating a recognized expertise and their contributions to
number of volumes, each devoted to a certain the various fields of biotechnology. Their will-
topic, which provide scientists in academia, in- ingness to impart this knowledge to their col-
dustry, and public institutions with a well-bal- leagues forms the basis of “Biotechnology”
anced and comprehensive overview of this and is gratefully acknowledged. Moreover,
growing field. We have fully revised the Sec- this work could not have been brought to frui-
ond Edition and expanded it from ten to tion without the foresight and the constant and
twelve volumes in order to take all recent de- diligent support of the publisher. We are
velopments into account. grateful to VCH for publishing “Biotechnolo-
These twelve volumes are organized into gy” with their customary excellence. Special
three sections. The first four volumes consider thanks are due Dr. Hans-Joachim Kraus and
the fundamentals of biotechnology from bio- Christa Schultz, without whose constant ef-
logical, biochemical, molecular biological, and forts the series could not be published. Finally,
chemical engineering perspectives. The next the editors wish to thank the members of the
four volumes are devoted to products of indus- Scientific Advisory Board for their encourage-
trial relevance. Special attention is given here ment, their helpful suggestions, and their con-
to products derived from genetically engi- structive criticism.
neered microorganisms and mammalian cells.
The last four volumes are dedicated to the de- H.-J. Rehm
scription of special topics. G. Reed
The new “Biotechnology” is a reference A. Puhler
work, a comprehensive description of the P. Stadler
state-of-the-art, and a guide to the original
literature. It is specifically directed to micro-
biologists, biochemists, molecular biologists,
bioengineers, chemical engineers, and food
and pharmaceutical chemists working in indus-
try, at universities or at public institutions.
Scientific Advisory Board
Prof. Dr. M. J. Beker Prof. Dr. T. K. Ghose
August Kirchenstein Institute of Microbiology Biochemical Engineering Research Centre
Latvian Academy of Sciences Indian Institute of Technology
Riga, Latvia New Delhi, India
Prof, Dr. J. D. Bu’Lock Prof. Dr. I. Goldberg
Weizmann Microbial Chemistry Laboratory Department of Applied Microbiology
Department of Chemistry The Hebrew University
University of Manchester Jerusalem, Israel
Manchester, UK
Prof. Dr. C. L. Cooney Prof. Dr. G. Goma
Department of Chemical Engineering Departement de Genie Biochimique et
Massachusetts Institute of Technology Alimentaire
Cambridge, MA, USA Institut National des Sciences Appliquees
Toulouse, France
Prof. Dr. H. W. Doelle Prof. Dr. D. A. Hopwood
Department of Microbiology Department of Genetics
University of Queensland John Innes Institute
St. Lucia, Australia Norwich, UK
Prof, Dr. J. Drews Prof. Dr. E. H. Houwink
F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG Organon International bv
Basel, Switzerland Scientific Development Group
Oss, The Netherlands
Prof. Dr. A, Fiech ter Prof. Dr. A. E. Humphrey
Institut fur Biotechnologie Center for Molecular Bioscience and
Eidgenossische Technische Hochschule Biotechnology
Zurich, Switzerland Lehigh University
Bethlehem, PA, USA
VIII Scientific Advisory Board
Prof. Dr. I. Karube Prof. Dr. K. Schugerl
Research Center for Advanced Science Institut fur Technische Chemie
and Technology Universitat Hannover
University of Tokyo Hannover, Germany
Tokyo, Japan
Prof. Dr. M. A. Lachance Prof. Dr. P. Sensi
Department of Plant Sciences Chair of Fermentation Chemistry
University of Western Ontario and Industrial Microbiology
London, Ontario, Canada Lepetit Research Center
Gerenzano, Italy
Prof. Dr. Y.L iu Prof. Dr. Y. H. Tan
China National Center for Biotechnology Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology
Development National University of Singapore
Beijing, China Singapore
Prof, Dr. J. F. Martin Prof. Dr. D. Thomas
Department of Microbiology Laboratoire de Technologie Enzymatique
University of Leon Universite de Compiegne
Leon, Spain Compiegne, France
Prof, Dr. B. Mattiasson Prof. Dr. W. Verstraefe
Department of Biotechnology Laboratory of Microbial Ecology
Chemical Center Rijksuniversiteit Gent
University of Lund Gent, Belgium
Lund, Sweden
Prof. Dr. M. Rohr Prof. Dr. E.-L. Winnacker
Institut fur Biochemische Technologie Institut fur Biochemie
und Mikrobiologie Universitat Munchen
Technische Universitat Wien Munchen, Germany
Wien, Austria
Prof. Dr. H. Sahm
Institut fur Biotechnologie
Forschungszentrum Julich
Julich, Germany
Contents
Introduction 1 11 Genetic Engineering of Gram Negative
Bacteria 427
A. Puhler
U. B. Priefer
I. Classical Genetics 12 Genetic Engineering of Gram Positive
Bacteria 455
1 Mutagenesis 5 W. Wohlleben, G. Muth, J. Kalinowski
A. Crueger 13 Genetic Engineering of Yeast 507
2 Genetic Exchange Processes for P. E. Sudbery
Prokaryotes 47 14 Genetic Engineering of Filamentous
B. W. Holloway Fungi 529
3 Genetic Exchange Processes in Lower G. Turner
Eukaryotes 73
U. Stahl, K. Esser
4 Cell Fusion 93 IV. Genetic Engineering of Plants
J. Anne
5 Gene Mapping in Animals and
15 Genetic Engineering of Plant Cells 547
Plants 141
G. Kahl, K. Weising
G. Wricke, H. Geldermann, W. E. Weber
16 Transgenic Plants 627
.
L Willmi tzer
11. Molecular Genetics
6 Structure and Function of DNA 191 V. Genetic Engineering of Animals
F. Gotz
7 Principles of Gene Expression 233
17 Genetic Engineering of Animal Cells 663
R. Mattes
M. Wirth, H. Hauser
8 DNA Sequencing 257
18 Transgenic Animals 745
G. Volckaert, P. Verhasselt, M. Voet,
G. Brem
J. Robben
9 DNA Synthesis 317
J. W. Engels, B. Sprunkel, E. Uhlmann
VI. Biosafety Concepts
111. Genetic Engineering of
19 Safety Aspects in Biotechnology 835
Microorganisms R. Simon, W.F rommer
10 Principles of Genetic Engineering for
Escherichia coli 373
H. Schwab Index 855
Contributors
Prof. Dr. Jozef Anne Prof. Dr. mult. Karl Esser
Rega Instituut Lehrstuhl fur Allgemeine Botanik
Katholieke Universiteit Leuven Ruhr-Universitgt Bochum
Minderbroedersstraat 10 P.O. Box 102148
B-3000 Leuven D-4630 Bochum 1
Belgium Federal Republic of Germany
Chapter 4 Chapter 3
Prof. Dr. Gottfried Brem Prof. Dr. Werner Frommer
Lehrstuhl fur Molekulare Tierzuchtforschung Claudiusweg 17
Universitat Munchen D-5600 Wuppertal 1
Veteringrstrane 13 Federal Republic of Germany
D-8000 Munchen 22 Chapter 19
Federal Republic of Germany
Chapter 18
Dr . Anneliese Crueger Prof. Dr. Hermann Geldermann
Bayer AG Institut fur Tierhaltung und Tierzuchtung
Verfahrensentwicklung Biochemie Universitat Stuttgart
Friedrich-Ebert-StraRe 217 GarbenstraRe 17
D-5600 Wuppertal 1 D-7000 Stuttgart 70
Federal Republic of Germany Federal Republic of Germany
Chapter 1 Chapter 5
Prof. Dr. Joachim W. Engels Prof. Dr. Friedrich Gotz
Institut fur Organische Chemie Lehrstuhl fur Mikrobielle Genetik
Universitat Frankfurt Universitat Tiibingen
Niederurseler Hang Auf der Morgenstelle 28
D-6000 Frankfurt am Main 50 D-7400 Tubingen
Federal Republic of Germany Federal Republic of Germany
Chapter 9 Chapter 6
XI1 Contributors
Dr. Hansjorg Hauser Priv.-Doz. Dr. Ursula B. Priefer
Gesellschaft fur Biotechnologische Forschung Biologie VI (Genetik)
mbH Universitat Bielefeld
Mascheroder Weg 1 P.O. Box 100131
D-3300 Braunschweig D-4800 Bielefeld 1
Federal Republic of Germany Federal Republic of Germany
Chapter I7 Chapter I1
Prof. Dr. Bruce W. Holloway Dr. Johan Robben
Department of Genetics and Developmental Faculteit Landbouwwetenschappen
Biology Laboratorium voor Gentechnologie
Monash University Katholieke Universiteit Leuven
Wellington Road Willem de Croylaan, 42
Clayton, Victoria, 3168 B-3001 Leuven
Australia Belgium
Chapter 2 Chapter 8
Prof. Dr. Giinter Kahl Dr. Helmut Schwab
Fachbereich Biologie Institut fur Biotechnologie
Universitat Frankfurt Arbeitsgruppe Genetik
Siesmayerstrarje 70 Technische Universitat Graz
D-6000 Frankfurt am Main 1 Petersgasse 12
Federal Republic of Germany A-8010 Graz
Chapter 15 Austria
Chapter 10
Dr. Jorn Kalinowski Dr. Reinhard Simon
Biologie VI (Genetik) TUV Sudwestdeutschland e. V.
Universitat Bielefeld Fachgruppe Biologische Sicherheit
P.O. Box 100131 Robert-Bunsen-StraRe 1
D-4800 Bielefeld 1 D-7800 Freiburg i. Br.
Federal Republic of Germany Federal Republic of Germany
Chapter 12 Chapter 19
Prof. Dr. Ralf Mattes Dip1.-Chem. Belinda Sprunkel
Institut fur Industrielle Genetik Institut fur Organische Chemie
Universitat Stuttgart Universitat Frankfurt
Azenbergstrarje 18 Niederurseler Hang
D-7000 Stuttgart 1 D-6000 Frankfurt am Main 50
Federal Republic of Germany Federal Republic of Germany
Chapter 7 Chapter 9
Dr. Giinther Muth Prof. Dr. Ulf Stahl
Institut fur Angewandte Molekularbiologie Fachbereich 13
der Universitat des Saarlandes Institut fur Biotechnologie
Im Stadtwald Technische Universitat Berlin
D-6600 Saarbrucken Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25
Federal Republic of Germany D-1000 Berlin 65
Chapter 12 Federal Republic of Germany
Chapter 3