Table Of Content

Liangwei Deng Yi Liu Wenguo Wang Biogas Technology Biogas Technology Liangwei Deng Yi Liu (cid:129) (cid:129) Wenguo Wang Biogas Technology 123 Liangwei Deng YiLiu BiogasInstitute ofMinistry of Agriculture BiogasInstitute ofMinistry of Agriculture andRuralAffairs andRuralAffairs Chengdu,China Chengdu,China WenguoWang BiogasInstitute ofMinistry of Agriculture andRuralAffairs Chengdu,China ISBN978-981-15-4939-7 ISBN978-981-15-4940-3 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-4940-3 ©TheEditor(s)(ifapplicable)andTheAuthor(s),underexclusivelicensetoSpringerNatureSingapore PteLtd.2020 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsaresolelyandexclusivelylicensedbythePublisher,whether thewholeorpartofthematerialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseof illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmissionorinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilar ordissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfrom therelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authorsortheeditorsgiveawarranty,expressorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinor for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictionalclaimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations. ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerNatureSingaporePteLtd. The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721, Singapore Preface Biogas technology has won universal attention to its active role in waste disposal, renewableenergyrecoveryandgreenhousegasemissionreduction.In1989,Biogas Institute of Ministry of Agriculture (BIOMA) organized a group of experts for the edition of Biogas Technology in China, which was a reference book of the inter- national training courses on biogas technology held at BIOMA where more than 2,700 technical and managerial personnel from around 130 countries were trained. After over three decades, China, along with other countries, has witnessed great progress in biogas technology in basic theory, process technology, device and equipment, development mode and operation management. In the era of the tech- nical renewal, the knowledge needs to be reviewed and summarized. To this end, BiogasInstituteofMinistryofAgricultureandRuralAffairs(BIOMA)re-compiled the book Biogas Technology, jointly contributed by its talent pool of rich experi- ence in scientific research and technical extension. Thisbookbeginswiththechapterofanaerobicdigestionmicroorganisms,which is a brief introduction of anaerobic digestion microorganisms, biochemical pro- cesses and influencing factors of digestion process. The following chapters were devoted,respectively,totheprinciplesandtechnicalcharacteristicsofthreetypesof digestion systems, i.e. rural household biogas digesters, biogas digester for domestic sewage treatment and biogas plants, and then a comprehensive intro- duction and assertion of the common basic knowledge and technical keys of the three digestion systems, including building materials and structures of digesters, biogas cleaning and upgrading, biogas storage, utilization of biogas and digestate. The authors of this book are professionals engaged in research, design, con- struction and commissioning of digestion systems for years, with solid and rich experience in the design, commissioning and operation of household digesters, biogas digester for domestic sewage treatment and biogas plants. Fruitful achievements of professors, engineers and managers in China and other countries were cited as references. The completion of this book benefits from long-term v vi Preface researchaccumulationofpredecessorsofBIOMAandthesummaryofengineering experience of engineers and managers. I would like to thank the predecessors and therelevantauthorsfortheircontributions.Afterthecompletionofthemanuscript, Imadearevisiononallthechaptersofthebook,andtheauthorsofsimilarmajors checkedeachother’scontents.MissRuijjieYurevisedtheEnglishlanguageofthe book. I would like to express my heartfelt thanks. Chengdu, China Liangwei Deng Contents 1 Anaerobic Digestion Microorganisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.1 Characteristics of microorganisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.1.1 Definition of microorganisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.1.2 Key events in microbiology development . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1.1.3 Characteristics and distribution of microorganisms. . . . . . . 3 1.1.4 Function of microorganisms in ecological circulation. . . . . 3 1.2 Anaerobic digestion microorganisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1.2.1 Biochemical process of anaerobic digestion. . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1.2.2 Microorganisms of anaerobic digestion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 1.3 Factors influencing anaerobic digestion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 1.3.1 Oxidation-reduction potential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 1.3.2 Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 1.3.3 pH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 1.3.4 Hydrogen partial pressure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 1.3.5 Types of substrates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 1.3.6 Inhibiting substances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 2 Rural Household Digesters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 2.1 Feedstock of Household Digesters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 2.1.1 Types and Characteristics of Feedstocks for Household Digesters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 2.1.2 Parameters of Feedstock for Anaerobic Digestion . . . . . . . 33 2.2 Digestion Process of Household Digester. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 2.2.1 Fixed Dome Digester. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 2.2.2 Floating Dome Digester. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 2.3 Derivative Types of Household Digesters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 2.3.1 Bent Flow Distribution Digester . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 2.3.2 Rotational Flow Distribution Digester. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 2.3.3 Forced Reflux Digester . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 vii viii Contents 2.3.4 Plug Flow Digester . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 2.3.5 Separate Floating Cover Digester . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 2.3.6 Other Types of Household Digesters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 2.4 Design of Household Digesters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 2.4.1 Principles of Digester Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 2.4.2 Design Parameters of Digesters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 2.4.3 Digester Design. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 2.4.4 Energy and Ecology Model with Biogas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 2.4.5 “Pig-Biogas-Orchard” Model in the South. . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 2.4.6 Energy and Ecology Model of “Four-in-One” in Northern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 2.4.7 Energy and Ecology Model of “Five Supporting Facilities” in the Northwest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 2.5 Start-up and Operation Management of Household Digesters . . . . 60 2.5.1 Start-up of Household Digesters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 2.5.2 Operation and Management of Household Digesters . . . . . 61 2.5.3 Safety Management of Household Digesters . . . . . . . . . . . 64 2.5.4 Maintenance and Repair of Household Digesters. . . . . . . . 65 3 Biogas Digester for Domestic Sewage Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 3.1 Characteristics and Amount of Rural Domestic Sewage . . . . . . . . 70 3.2 Characteristics and Scope of Application of Biogas Digester for Domestic Sewage Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 3.3 Technical Process and Structure of Biogas Digester for Domestic Sewage Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 3.3.1 The Process of Biogas Digester for Domestic Sewage Treatment Technique. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 3.3.2 The Process Units of Biogas Digester for Domestic Sewage Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 3.3.3 Shape of Biogas Digester for Domestic Sewage Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 3.3.4 Design of Biogas Digester for Domestic Sewage Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 3.4 Other Anaerobic Technology for Domestic Sewage Treatment . . . 83 3.4.1 Septic Tank. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 3.4.2 Anaerobic Filter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 3.4.3 Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB). . . . . . . . . . . . 86 3.4.4 Expanded Granular Sludge Bed (EGSB) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 3.5 TreatmentPerformanceofBiogasDigesterforDomesticSewage Treatment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 3.5.1 Removal of Organic Pollutants and Generation of Biogas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 3.5.2 Nitrogen and Phosphorous Removal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 3.5.3 Sanitation Effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 Contents ix 3.5.4 Treatment Effects of Other Anaerobic Biological Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 3.6 Post-TreatmentTechnologyoftheEffluentfromBiogasDigester for Domestic Sewage Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 3.6.1 Aerobic Biological Post-Treatment Technology. . . . . . . . . 95 3.6.2 Ecological Post-Treatment Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 3.7 Operation and Management of Biogas Digester for Domestic Sewage Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 4 Biogas Plant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 4.1 Feedstocks for Biogas Plants and Its Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . 109 4.1.1 Animal Wastes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 4.1.2 Crop Straws. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 4.1.3 Industrial Organic Wastes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 4.1.4 Municipal Wastes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 4.1.5 Aquatic Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 4.1.6 Resource Availability and Supply Chain . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 4.2 Composition and Process Flow of a Biogas Plant. . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 4.2.1 Components. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 4.2.2 Process Flow in Biogas Plant. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 4.3 Process Units in Biogas Plant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 4.3.1 Pretreatment Unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 4.3.2 Anaerobic Digestion Unit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 4.3.3 Biogas Cleaning and Storage Unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 4.3.4 Biogas Utilization and Emergency Flare . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 4.3.5 Digestate Treatment and Utilization Unit. . . . . . . . . . . . 152 4.3.6 The Control Unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 5 Construction Materials and Structures of Digesters . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 5.1 Digesters with Brick-Concrete Structure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 5.2 Digester with Reinforced Concrete Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 5.3 Digester with Steel Structure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 5.3.1 Digester with Welded Steel Sheet Structure. . . . . . . . . . . . 169 5.3.2 Digester with Spiral Double Fold Hem Structure. . . . . . . . 174 5.3.3 Digester with an Assembled Enameled Steel Sheet Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178 5.3.4 Auxiliary Structures and Facilities of Steel Digesters . . . . . 182 5.4 Digester with a Membrane Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 5.5 FRP Digester . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188 5.6 Inspection of Digester. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 x Contents 6 Biogas Cleaning and Upgrading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 6.1 Biogas Characterization and Quality Standards. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 6.1.1 Biogas Composition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 6.1.2 Influence and Harm of Impurities in Biogas . . . . . . . . . . . 202 6.1.3 Quality Demands on Biogas for Utilization. . . . . . . . . . . . 205 6.2 Biogas Cleaning Techniques and Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 6.2.1 Water Removal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 6.2.2 Hydrogen Sulfide Removal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212 6.2.3 Oxygen and Nitrogen Removal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229 6.2.4 Removal of Other Trace Gases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230 6.3 Biogas Upgrading. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230 6.3.1 Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230 6.3.2 Water Scrubber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232 6.3.3 Physical Absorption by Organic Solvents . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234 6.3.4 Chemical Absorption by Organic Solvents . . . . . . . . . . . . 235 6.3.5 Membrane Separation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237 6.3.6 Cryogenic Upgrading. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 6.3.7 Comparison of Key Parameters and Economic Input of Biogas Upgrading Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241 7 Biogas Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245 7.1 Biogas Storage Pressure and Gasholder Volume. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246 7.2 Hydraulic Gas Storage Chambers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246 7.3 Water-Sealed Gasholder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247 7.4 Waterless Gasholder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253 7.4.1 Rigid Structure Waterless Gasholder. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253 7.4.2 Flexible-Structure Waterless Gasholders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256 7.5 Medium Pressure or Sub-high Pressure Gasholders. . . . . . . . . . . . 264 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267 8 Biogas Utilization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269 8.1 Biogas Combustion Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269 8.1.1 Combustion of Biogas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269 8.1.2 Theoretical Air Demand and Excess Air Coefficient for Biogas Combustion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270 8.1.3 Combustion Products and Calorific Value of Biogas . . . . . 271 8.1.4 Ignition Temperature, Ignition Concentration Limit, and Burning Rate of Biogas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273 8.2 Biogas for Civilian Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275 8.2.1 Biogas Transportation and Distribution Technology. . . . . . 276 8.2.2 Biogas for Domestic Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291 8.2.3 Gas for Public Building Use. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296

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