Biofuels in Brazil: Fundamental Aspects, Recent Developments, and Future Perspectives

441 Pages·2014·8.14 MB·English

by  Silvio Silvério da Silva, Anuj Kumar Chandel (eds.)

Silvio Silvério da Silva
Anuj Kumar Chandel E ditors
Biofuels in
Brazil
Fundamental Aspects, Recent
Developments, and Future Perspectives
Biofuels in Brazil
Silvio Silvério da Silva
•
Anuj Kumar Chandel
Editors
Biofuels in Brazil
Fundamental Aspects, Recent Developments,
and Future Perspectives
123
Editors
Silvio SilvériodaSilva
AnujKumarChandel
Department of Biotechnology,
EngineeringSchool ofLorena
Universityof São Paulo
Lorena, São Paulo
Brazil
ISBN 978-3-319-05019-5 ISBN 978-3-319-05020-1 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-05020-1
Springer ChamHeidelberg New YorkDordrecht London
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2014934834
(cid:2)SpringerInternationalPublishingSwitzerland2014
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The One who gives life the entire universe,
Is Immortal: He is the One Lord of all.
Guru Nanak Dev
Foreword
Biofuels in Brazil: Fundamental Aspects, Recent Developments, and Future
Perspectives has been compiled to cater the needs of graduate and post-graduate
students,researchersinacademiaandindustries,managerialorganizations,biotech
business, policy makers, policy analysts and readers at large. This book apprises
the technical updates on bioenergy research of Brazil eventually discussing the
system biology based approached to manufacture bioenergy crops, biomass pre-
treatment,improvedmicrobialstrains forthefermentationofsugarsolutionsuper
enzyme titers, techno-economic analysis of biofuels production, technical aspects
of biodiesel and other renewable hydrocarbons production, feedstock availability
in Brazil and biofuel policy issues in Brazil.
Among the sustainable biofuels, bioethanol is the most promising and
sustainablealternativetogasolineinthecontextofBrazil.Brazilhasplayedakey
roleinimplementationofbioethanolasanalternativeofgasoline.Sugarcanejuice
istheprimarysourceofethanolproductioninBrazil.However,infuturedefinitely
the second generation feedstock like biomass residues need to be taken into
consideration vigorously. Brazilian Ministry of Science and Technology through
the Research and Projects Financing (FINEP) and NIST Bioethanol development
viaCNPq,FAPESPhasdevelopedanetworkofmorethan20researchinstitutions
working on the promotion of biofuels production in Brazil. The success rate of
bioethanolpolicyfromBrazilcanbefollowedbyotherdevelopingnationssuchas
India, China and others for reducing their dependency on oil import thus saving
foreign exchange reserves.
This book also disseminates the key information on life cycle assessment of
biofuels, arable land and climate changes after implementing bioenergy options.
Essentially,thisbookfocusesontheBrazilGovernmentpoliciesforthepromotion
ofbiofuelsinthecountry.ThesuccessofbioenergyprograminBrazilisalearning
example for other countries particularly agricultural rich countries for imple-
mentingtheaffordablepoliciesforthecommercializationofbiofuels.Overall,this
bookisaspecialcollectionofqualitychapterswrittenbythepeersoffieldupdating
research/analysisonbioenergyoptionsinBrazil.Iamconfidentinforwardingthis
vii
viii Foreword
book to the worldwide readers to learn about the biofuels development in Brazil,
technical aspects of biofuels production and other basic ingredients of biofuel
research in the Brazilian context.
Henrique Duque de Miranda Chaves Filho
Vice Chancellor
Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF)
Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
Preface
Life is energy. A sustainable supply of energy is required for the overall human
development.TheSunistheprimarysourceofenergyonEarth.Fossilenergy,the
majorsourceofenergy(80%ofcurrentworldpowerconsumption),istheresultof
energy entrapped by plants through photosynthesisinpast eras.Fossilenergy is a
finite source and is likely to be exhausted sooner rather than later due to the fast
pace of urbanization and increased use worldwide. Regular price hikes and
environmental damage caused by excessive use of fossil fuels are the major
alarmingconcerns.Owingtothesegeopoliticalfactors,thetimeisnowtolookout
intensively for alternatives to fossil fuels. Renewable or bioenergy is the suitable
answer as it can be produced directly from natural resources.
Bioenergysourcesarediverseandbroadinrange.Itcanbecategorizedmainly
as solar, wind, hydrothermal, and biomass-derived. Amongst all the renewable
resources, biomass is one of the most promising answers, particularly for trans-
portation fuels. Brazil is the fourth largest country in the world and is largely
blessed by nature for appropriate fertile land, rain, light, and water. Brazil is
representative of renewable energy program in the world and ranks second in
ethanol production. The government of Brazil has taken appreciable initiatives in
ordertomakethebioenergyprogramsuccessful.Sugarcane-juice-derivedethanol,
so-called first-generation ethanol, is the principle component of bioenergy in
Brazil. However, cellulosic ethanol or second-generation ethanol is a prospective
energy source in the near future. There are numerous research programs nation-
widetomakecellulosicethanolarealityinthenearfuturewithfinancialhelpfrom
the Ministry of Science and Technology, Government of Brazil. Many countries,
particularly the developing world, can learn from the success stories of the Bra-
zilianBioenergyprogramandimplementthepoliciesfortheirenergysecurityand
betterment of socioeconomic status.
Thisbookaimstodisseminatethecurrentadvancesinthebioenergyprogramof
Brazil starting from feedstock analysis, availability, chemical composition, tech-
nical aspects, technoeconomic analysis, and government policies. This book is a
fineanduniquecollectionof19bookchapterswrittenbyspecialistsintherelated
research area, who afford critical insights into several topics, review of current
research, and discuss future progress in this area. Broadly, this book intends to
ix
x Preface
provide critical insight and background research analysis on raw materials, pro-
cessing, synthesis, recovery, and application as energy sources, comparative
account on major alternative energy producing countries in addition to feedstock
variation and analysis. In regard to technical updates, this book highlights the
system biology-based approaches for the development of new energy feedstocks,
microorganisms, and enzyme titers. Furthermore, recent technical progress made
toward pretreatment, enzymatic hydrolysis of biomass, and the fermentation of
sugars into ethanol is also mentioned. Similarly, these aspects have also been
discussed for the production of other biofules such as biohydrogen, biodiesel, or
bio oil. An assessment on technological development for capturing, regeneration,
and storage of solar energy, wind energy, and turbines is also made along with
future directions. Comparative technoeconomic and life cycle analysis of various
biofuels have been discussed in the last section along with the commercialization
of cellulosic ethanol and other by-products. Additionally, initiatives taken by the
BrazilGovernmentforimplementingeffectivebioenergypolicyforthepromotion
of biofuels through research, commercialization, and private investment support
havebeenapprisedtothereaders.Apartfromresearchersandgraduatestudentsof
microbial biotechnology, and chemical and industrial engineers, this book will
assist the business community and policy analysts who deal with geopolitical
analysis of bio-based products, bioenergy, and their marketing.
We greatly appreciate the scholarly contribution of authors who added highly
informative chapters in this book. We thank Isabel Ullmann, Hanna Hensler,
Anette Lindqvist, and the production staff of Springer Verlag, Germany for their
timely suggestions and support to publish this book. We would like to thank our
colleagues Andre Ferraz, George J. M. Rocha, M. G. A. Felipe, Adriane M.
F. Milagres, Walter Carvalho, Rita C. L. B. Rodrigues, Ines C. Roberto, and
Messias B. Silva for the completion of this book. We are grateful to FAPESP,
CNPq, CAPES, and University of São Paulo, Brazil for the financial support and
infrastructure setup. We express our sincere thanks to our families for their
unconditional support and cooperation while editing this book. Last but not least,
wewelcomethereader’ssuggestionstoimprovethefutureeditions.Wethinkthat
Readers’ benefits are the best reward for editors, contributing authors, and
publisher.
Silvio Silvério da Silva
Anuj Kumar Chandel
Contents
1 Techno-Economic Analysis of Second-Generation Ethanol
in Brazil: Competitive, Complementary Aspects
with First-Generation Ethanol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Anuj Kumar Chandel, Tassia Lopes Junqueira,
Edvaldo Rodrigo Morais, Vera Lucia Reis Gouveia, Otavio Cavalett,
Elmer Ccopa Rivera, Victor Coelho Geraldo, Antonio Bonomi
and Silvio Silvério da Silva
2 An Assessment of Brazilian Government Initiatives and Policies
for the Promotion of Biofuels Through Research,
Commercialization, and Private Investment Support. . . . . . . . . . 31
Luís Augusto Barbosa Cortez, Gláucia Mendes Souza,
Carlos Henrique de Brito Cruz and Rubens Maciel
3 Renewable Liquid Transportation Fuels: The Cornerstone
of the Success of Brazilian Bioenergy Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Veronica de Araujo Bruno and Adilson Roberto Gonçalves
4 Socio-Economic and Ambient Impacts of Sugarcane
Expansion in Brazil: Effects of the Second Generation
Ethanol Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
André Luis Squarize Chagas
5 Integrated Production of 1G–2G Bioethanol and Bioelectricity
from Sugarcane: Impact of Bagasse Pretreatment Processes . . . . 85
Caliane Bastos Borba Costa, Felipe Fernando Furlan,
Antonio José Gonçalves Cruz, Raquel de Lima Camargo Giordano
and Roberto de Campos Giordano
6 Potential Biomass Resources for Cellulosic Ethanol Production
in Brazil: Availability, Feedstock Analysis, Feedstock
Composition, and Conversion Yields. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Boutros F. Sarrouh, Júlio C. dos Santos,
Mário Antônio A. Cunha and Ricardo F. Branco
xi