Biofuels: Alternative Feedstocks and Conversion Processes

642 Pages·2011·4.38 MB·English

by  Ashok Pandey

BIOFUELS
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BIOFUELS
ALTERNATIVE FEEDSTOCKS AND
CONVERSION PROCESSES
Edited by
A P
SHOK ANDEY
NationalInstituteforInterdisciplinaryScienceandTechnology
CouncilofScientificandIndustrialResearch
Trivandrum,India
C L
HRISTIAN ARROCHE
BiologicalEngineeringDepartment
ChemicalandBiochemicalEngineeringLaboratory
PolytechClermont-Ferrand
BlaisePascalUniversity,France
S C R
TEVEN ICKE
FoodScienceDepartment
DivisionofAgriculture
UniversityofArkansas,USA
C -G D
LAUDE ILLES USSAP
LaboratoiredeGe´nieChimiqueetBiochimique
PolytechClermont-Ferrand
BlaisePascalUniversity,France
E G
DGARD NANSOUNOU
Head,BioenergyGroup
E´colePolytechniqueFe´de´raledeLausanne
Lausanne,Switzerland
AMSTERDAM (cid:129) BOSTON (cid:129) HEIDELBERG (cid:129) LONDON
NEW YORK (cid:129) OXFORD (cid:129) PARIS (cid:129) SAN DIEGO
SAN FRANCISCO (cid:129) SINGAPORE (cid:129) SYDNEY (cid:129) TOKYO
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Biofuels:alternativefeedstocksandconversionprocesses/editedbyAshokPandey...
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p.cm.
ISBN978-0-12-385099-7
1.Biomassenergy.I.Pandey,Ashok.
TP339.B5392011
0
333.9539—dc22
2011005287
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Contents
Preface vii 15. ProductionofBiodieselUsing
Contributors ix PalmOil 353
16. BiodieselProductionfromWasteOils 375
I
IIIB
GENERAL 1
1. PrinciplesofBiorefining 3 PRODUCTION OF BIOFUELS
2. Life-CycleAssessmentofBiofuels 25 FROMALGAE 397
3. ThermochemicalConversionofBiomassto
17. ProductionofBiodieselfromAlgal
Biofuels 51
Biomass:CurrentPerspectivesandFuture 399
4. Biomass-derivedSyngasFermentationinto
18. OverviewandAssessmentofAlgalBiofuels
Biofuels 79
ProductionTechnologies 415
II 19. CultivationofAlgaeinPhotobioreactorsfor
BiodieselProduction 439
PRODUCTION OF BIOETHANOL FROM
LIGNOCELLULOSIC FEEDSTOCKS 99
IV
5. LignocellulosicBioethanol:CurrentStatusand
FuturePerspectives 101 PRODUCTIONOFBIOHYDROGEN 465
6. TechnoeconomicAnalysisofLignocellulosic
20. ProductionofBiohydrogen:CurrentPerspectives
Ethanol 123
andFutureProspects 467
7. PretreatmentTechnologiesforLignocellulose-to-
21. BiohydrogenProductionfromBio-oil 481
BioethanolConversion 149
22. BiohydrogenProductionfromIndustrial
8. ProductionofCelluloyticEnzymesforthe
Effluents 499
HydrolysisofLignocellulosicBiomass 177
23. ThermophilicBiohydrogenProduction 525
9. ProductionofHemicellulolyticEnzymesfor
24. BiohydrogenProductionwithHigh-Rate
HydrolysisofLignocellulosicBiomass 203
Bioreactors 537
10. HydrolysisofLignocellulosicBiomassfor
BioethanolProduction 229
11. ProductionofBioethanolfromAgroindustrial V
ResiduesasFeedstocks 251
12. FermentationInhibitorsinEthanolProcessesand PRODUCTIONOFBIOBUUTANOLAND
DifferentStrategiestoReduceTheirEffects 287 OTHER GREENFUELS 569
IIIA 25. ButanolFuelfromBiomass:RevisitingABE
Fermentation 571
PRODUCTION OF BIODIESEL FROM 26. ProductionofGreenLiquidHydrocarbon
VEGETABLE OILS 313 Fuels 587
13. BiotechnologicalMethodstoProduce
Biodiesel 315 Index 609
14. BiodieselProductioninSupercriticalFluids 339
v
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Preface
With the increasing demand of energy for bioethanol production. Section IIIA
world over and depleting reserves of con- presents state-of-the-art information on the
ventionalfossilfuel,therehasbeengrowing production of second-generation biodiesel
global interest in developing alternative fromoilseeds.Inthis,thefirstchapterisintro-
sources of energy. Also, there has been con- ductory and presents current perspectives
cerningrowingeconomieswithenergysecu- and future, followed by the biotechnological
rity. Biofuels offer much promise on these methods toproduce biodiesel,biodieselpro-
frontiers.Inadditiontoabove,theyalsooffer duction in supercritical fluids, biodiesel pro-
benefitsonenvironmentalimpactincompar- duction using palm oil, and biodiesel from
ison to fossil fuels. The present book wasteoil.SectionIIIBcontainschaptersdeal-
provides state-of-the-art information on the ing with the production of third-generation
status of the biofuel production and related biofuels from algalsources. Thefirstchapter
aspects and also identifies the future R&D in this section as usual presents the current
directions andperspectives. perspectivesandfuture,followedbylifecycle
Thebookhasfivesections.SectionIisgen- assessmentofalgalbiodiesel,andthecultiva-
eral and presents four chapters which deal tionofalgaeinphotobioreactors.
with the principles of biorefineries, life cycle Section IV is devoted on the fourth-
assessment of biofuels, thermochemical con- generation biofuels, that is, biohydrogen.
version of biomass to biofuels, and biomass- The section has five chapters and the first
derived syngas fermentation into biofuels. one gives general information with current
Section II deals with different aspects of the perspectives and future. The other chapters
production of second-generation bioethanol areonbiohydrogenproductionfrombio-oils
from lignocellulosic feedstocks. The first and industrial effluents, thermophilic
chapterinthissectionisintroductory,giving biohydrogen production, and biohydrogen
state-of-the-artinformationonthestatusand production with high-rate bioreactors.
perspectives; this is followed by a chapter SectionVprovidestwoarticlesontheproduc-
on techno-economic analysis of lignocellu- tionofbiobutanolandproductionofgreenliq-
losic bioethanol. Subsequent chapters deal uidhydrocarbonfuels.
with the different aspects of bioconversion Wethanktheauthorsofallthechaptersfor
process such as the pretreatment of ligno- theircooperationandalsofortheirprepared-
cellulosic biomass, production of cellulo- ness in revising the manuscripts in a time-
lytic and hemicellulolytic enzymes for the framedmanner.Wealsoacknowledgethehelp
hydrolysisoflignocellulosic biomass, hydro- fromthereviewers,whoinspiteoftheirbusy
lysis oflignocellulosic biomass, production professionalactivitieshelpedusbyevaluating
of bioethanol from agro-industrial residues the manuscripts and gave their critical
as feedstocks, and removal of inhibitory inputs to refine and improve the chapters.
compoundsfromlignocellulosichydrolyzates We warmly thank Dr. Marinakis Kostas
vii
viii
PREFACE
andDr.AnitaKochandtheteamofElsevierfor tothepostgraduatestudentsandresearchers
theircooperationandeffortsinproducingthis ofappliedbiology,biotechnology,microbiol-
book. ogy, biochemical, and chemical engineers
We sincerely hope that the current dis- workingon biofuels.
course on biofuels R&D would go a long
wayinbringingouttheexcitingtechnological
possibilitiesandusheringthereaderstoward Ashok Pandey
the frontiers of knowledge in the area of Christian Larroche
biofuels. Steven Ricke
Thetextinallthechaptersissupportedby Claude-Gilles Dussap
numerous clear, informative diagrams and Edgard Gnansounou
tables. The book would be of great interest Editors
Contributors
DeepthyAlex CentreforBiofuels,Biotechnology FrancescoCherubini DepartmentofEnergyand
Division,NationalInstituteforInterdisciplinary Process Engineering, Norwegian University of
Science and Technology, CSIR, Trivandrum Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491
695019,India Trondheim,Norway
P.Alvira CIEMAT,RenewableEnergyDivision, Arnaud Dauriat ENERS Energy Concept, P.O.
BiofuelsUnitAv.Complutese22,28040Madrid Box56,CH-1015Lausanne,Switzerland
IriniAngelidaki DepartmentofEnvironmental
Joab Sampaio de Sousa Universidade Federal
Engineering,TechnicalUniversityofDenmark,
do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Qu´ımica, Av.
Lyngby,Denmark
Athos da Silveira Ramos, 149 - CT, Bloco A,
AmarAnumakonda UOPLLC,25E.Algonquin lab. 549-1, CEP 21941-909 Rio de Janeiro, RJ,
Road,DesPlaines,IL60616,USA Brazil
M. Ballestero CIEMAT, Renewable Energy
Vincenza Faraco Department of Organic
Division, Biofuels Unit Av. Complutese 22,
Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of
28040Madrid
Naples“FedericoII”,ComplessoUniversitario
Thallada Bhaskar Bio-Fuels Division (BFD), Monte S. Angelo, via Cintia 4 80126, Naples,
Indian Institute of Petroleum (IIP), Council of Italy
Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR),
Edgard Gnansounou Bioenergy and Energy
Dehradun248005,India
Planning Research Group (BPE), Ecole Poly-
Balagurumurthy Bhavya Bio-Fuels Division technique Fe´de´rale de Lausanne (EPFL),
(BFD), Indian Institute of Petroleum (IIP), CH-1015Lausanne,Switzerland
Council of Scientific and Industrial Research
Lalitha Devi Gottumukkala Centre for Bio-
(CSIR),Dehradun248005,India
fuels,BiotechnologyDivision,NationalInstitute
Parameswaran Binod Centre for Biofuels, Bio-
for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology –
technology Division, National Institute for
CSIR,Trivandrum695019,India
Interdisciplinary Science and Technology,
CSIR,Trivandrum 695019,India HariBhagwanGoyal Bio-Fuelsdivision(BFD),
Indian Institute of Petroleum (IIP), Council of
CarlosA.Cardona DepartamentodeIngenier´ıa
Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR),
Qu´ımica, Universidad Nacional de Colombia
Dehradun248005,India
Sede Manizales, Cra. 27 No. 64-60, Manizales,
Colombia Denise Maria Guimara˜es Freire Universidade
Elisa d’Avila Cavalcanti-Oliveira Universi- FederaldoRiodeJaneiro,InstitutodeQu´ımica,
dade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Av. Athos da Silveira Ramos, 149 - CT,
Qu´ımica,Av.AthosdaSilveiraRamos,149-CT, BlocoA,lab.549-1,CEP21941-909RiodeJaneiro,
BlocoA,lab.549-1,CEP21941-909RiodeJaneiro, RJ,Brazil
RJ,Brazil
Lien-Huong Huynh Department of Chemical
Yi-FengChen SchoolofLifeSciences,Tsinghua Engineering, National Taiwan University of
University, Beijing 100084, People’s Republic Science and Technology, 43 sec. 4, Keelung
ofChina Road,Taipei10607,Taiwan
ix