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Biofuels
Editedby
WIM SOETAERT
GhentUniversity,Ghent, Belgium
ERICK J. VANDAMME
GhentUniversity,Ghent, Belgium
A John Wiley and Sons, Ltd., Publication
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Biofuels
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Wiley Series
in
Renewable Resources
SeriesEditor
ChristianV.Stevens,DepartmentofOrganicChemistry,GhentUniversity,Belgium
TitlesintheSeries
WoodModification:Chemical,ThermalandOtherProcesses
CallumA.S.Hill
Renewables-BasedTechnology:SustainabilityAssessment
JoDewulf&HermanVanLangenhove
IntroductiontoChemicalsfromBiomass
JamesH.Clark&FabienE.I.Deswarte
Biofuels
WimSoetaert&ErickJ.Vandamme
ForthcomingTitles
HandbookofNaturalColorants
ThomasBechtold&RitaMussak
StarchBiology,Structure&Functionality
AntonHuber&WernerPraznik
IndustrialApplicationsofNaturalFibres:Structure,Properties
andTechnicalApplications
JorgMu¨ssig
SurfactantsfromRenewableResources
MikaelKjellin&Ingega¨rdJohansson
ThermochemicalProcessingofBiomass
RobertC.Brown
Bio-basedPolymers
MartinPeter&TelmaFranco
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Biofuels
Editedby
WIM SOETAERT
GhentUniversity,Ghent, Belgium
ERICK J. VANDAMME
GhentUniversity,Ghent, Belgium
A John Wiley and Sons, Ltd., Publication
iii
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Thiseditionfirstpublished2009
(cid:1)C 2009JohnWiley&Sons,Ltd
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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Soetaert,Wim.
Biofuels/WimSoetaert,ErickJ.Vandamme.
p.cm.–(Wileyseriesinrenewableresource)
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN978-0-470-02674-8(cloth)
1.Biomassenergy–Technologicalinnovations. 2.Biomassenergy–Economicaspects.
3.Renewablenaturalresources. I.Vandamme,ErickJ.,1943– II.Title.
TP339.S64 2008
333.95(cid:2)39–dc22 2008027967
AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary.
ISBN978-0-470-02674-8
Setin10/12ptTimesbyAptaraInc.,NewDelhi,India
PrintedandboundinGreatBritainbyAntonyRoweLtd,Chippenham,Wiltshire
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Contents
SeriesPreface ix
Preface xi
ListofContributors xiii
1 BiofuelsinPerspective 1
WimSoetaertandErickJ.Vandamme
1.1 FossilversusRenewableEnergyResources 1
1.2 EconomicImpact 2
1.3 ComparisonofBio-energySources 4
1.4 Conclusion 7
References 7
2 SustainableProductionofCellulosicFeedstockforBiorefineries
intheUSA 9
MatthewT.CarrandJamesR.Hettenhaus
2.1 Introduction 9
2.2 AvailabilityofCellulosicFeedstocks 11
2.3 FeedstockOptions 13
2.4 SustainableRemoval 16
2.5 ErosionControl 18
2.6 TillingPractice 19
2.7 TransitioningtoNo-till 21
2.8 RealizingRemoval 22
2.9 RemovalEconomics 25
2.10 ClimateChangeMitigation 27
2.11 Pretreatment 29
2.12 FarmerinValueChain 32
2.13 TheStart:PreprocessingPentoseSugarsandLignin 32
2.14 ContinuingDownstream:FungibleFermentationSugars 32
2.15 LookingUpstream 33
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vi Contents
2.16 Logistics 33
2.17 Conclusions 33
2.18 PolicyRecommendations 34
References 35
3 Bio-EthanolDevelopmentintheUSA 39
BrentEricksonandMatthewT.Carr
3.1 Introduction 39
3.2 FederalPolicy 40
3.3 TheUSEthanolMarket 41
3.4 CornEthanolTechnology 46
3.5 CellulosicEthanol 49
3.6 TheFuture 52
References 53
4 Bio-EthanolDevelopment(s)inBrazil 55
ArnaldoWalter
4.1 Overview 55
4.2 Introduction 56
4.3 TheBrazilianExperiencewithEthanol 56
4.4 PolicyandRegulatoryInstrumentsAppliedtoDeployLarge-Scale
EthanolProduction 59
4.5 CostReductions 61
4.6 TechnologicalDevelopment 62
4.7 IstheEthanolProductioninBrazilSustainable? 65
4.8 IstheBrazilianExperienceReplicable? 72
4.9 Conclusions 73
References 74
5 ProcessTechnologiesforBiodieselProduction 77
MartinMittelbach
5.1 Introduction 77
5.2 BiodieselProductionWorldwide 77
5.3 FeedstocksforBiodieselProduction 79
5.4 ChemicalPrinciplesofBiodieselProduction 80
5.5 CatalystsforTransesterificationandEsterificationReactions 81
5.6 TransesterificationinSupercriticalAlcohols 86
5.7 AlternativeApproaches 87
5.8 OverviewofProcessTechnologies 87
References 91
6 Bio-basedFischer–TropschDieselProductionTechnologies 95
RobinZwartandRene´ vanRee
6.1 Introduction 95
6.2 TheoreticalBackgroundCatalyticFT-DieselSynthesisProcess 96
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Contents vii
6.3 BiomassGasification-BasedFT-DieselProductionConcepts 100
6.4 EconomicsofBiomass-BasedFT-DieselProductionConcepts 110
6.5 Conclusions 113
References 114
7 PlantOilBiofuel:Rationale,ProductionandApplication 117
BarnimJeschke
7.1 Introduction 117
7.2 PlantOilBiofuels:theUnderlyingIdea 118
7.3 PerspectivesofthePlantOilFuelMarket 119
7.4 SystemRequirements 122
7.5 PlantOilConversionTechnology 124
7.6 TheUserPerspective 125
References 127
8 EnzymaticProductionofBiodiesel 129
HidekiFukuda
8.1 Introduction 129
8.2 EnzymaticTransesterificationbyLipase 130
8.3 UseofExtracellularLipases 131
8.4 UseofIntracellularLipaseasWhole-CellBiocatalyst 136
8.5 UseofCell-SurfaceDisplayingCellsasWhole-CellBiocatalyst 143
8.6 ConclusionsandFutureProspects 147
References 147
9 ProductionofBiodieselfromWasteLipids 153
RolandVerhe´ andChristianV.Stevens
9.1 Introduction 153
9.2 AlternativeResourcesforBiodieselProduction 155
9.3 ConversionofWasteFryingandCookingOilsintoBiodiesel 155
9.4 Conclusion 168
References 169
10 BiomassDigestiontoMethaneinAgriculture:ASuccessfulPathway
fortheEnergyProductionandWasteTreatmentWorldwide 171
PeterWeiland,WillyVerstraeteandAdrianusVanHaandel
10.1 Overview 171
10.2 Introduction 172
10.3 BiogasProductionPotential 174
10.4 BiogasProductionConfigurations 183
10.5 Outlook 191
10.6 Conclusions 193
References 194
