Between Anarchy and Society: Trusteeship and the Obligations of Power

227 Pages·2003·0.95 MB·English

by  William Bain

BETWEEN ANARCHY AND SOCIETY
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Between Anarchy and Society
Trusteeship and the Obligations of Power
William Bain
GreatClarendonStreet,OxfordOX26DP
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For my Parents
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Preface
The originsof thisbookcan betraced tomy interestinquestionsof humanitarian interventionwhileI was a graduate
student at the University of British Columbia. Thinking about those questions eventually led me to ask: what might
come after humanitarian intervention? This book, which is based on my doctoral dissertation, considers the idea of
trusteeship as one possible answer. Some of my earliest attempts to think about trusteeship in international society
were presented in papers at the British International Studies Association Conference in 1999, 2000, and 2001, and at
theInternationalStudiesAssociation Conference in1999 and 2001. I also presented some oftheideas and arguments
contained in this book at the Pan-European International Relations Conference in 2001 and to the Failed States and
Global Governance Conference in 2000 and 2001, which was organized by Michael Stohl. These papers eventually
evolved into essays published in Canadian Foreign Policy (1999) and Global Society (2001). Also, parts of Chapter 1
appeared inTheRound Table(2003)and partsofChapter 6 inInternational Relations(2003).Iwouldliketothankallwho
wereinvolvedintheseconferences,aswellasthejournaleditorsandreviewers,fortheircommentsandsuggestionson
these papers.
I wouldliketothank theUniversityofBritishColumbia for providing financialsupport for my doctoral research,and
Mrs Alice Li, whose generous endowment of the Li Tze Fong Doctoral Fellowship also assisted me in that regard. I
wouldalsoliketothankthefacultyandstaffoftheDepartmentofPoliticalScienceatUBC,whereIbeganthisproject.
Barbara Arneil, Kal Holsti, Brian Job, Sam La Selva, and Mark Zacher have all made very important contributions to
this book. To each of them I offer my heartfelt thanks and gratitude. Thanks also to my fellow doctoral student,
Mikulas Fabry, who has enriched my thinking in several ways. Since moving to the University of Glasgow, I have
enjoyed the conversation of several of my new colleagues in the Department of Politics. I have been fortunate to
discussideasexploredinthisbookwithChrisCorrin,JaneDuckett,PaulGraham,MichaelLessnoff,AndrewLockyer,
SarahOates, BarryO'Toole,andAlasdairYoung. Alasdairhasbeenexceptionallypatientandsupportiveas Istruggled
to revise the manuscript into its final form. I am particularly grateful to Chris Berry, who made several very helpful
suggestions that sharpened and focused the claims of this book.
viii PREFACE
I wouldbe negligentin failingto thank severalother people who have in some way or other contributed to thisbook.
MythanksgotoCorneliaNavari,AdamRoberts,SassonSofer,PeterLyon,andGeorgSørensenfortakingthetimeto
engage me inconversation; and especiallytoJames Mayallfor his encouragementand interest in my research.I would
also like to thank the reviewers for Oxford University Press, who made several suggestions that improved this book.
To Jennifer Jackson Preece I owe an enormous debt of gratitude. Jennifer helped me to conceptualize this project as
wellas tothink throughsome ofthekeyargumentsupon whichitrests. My greatestdebt,however, isowed toRobert
Jackson.IthasbeenmygreatfortunetobeabletoconversewithRobertovera periodofseveralyears abouttheideas
containedinthisbook. Indeed, itishardlypossibletoread whatIhaveputonpaperwithoutnoticinghisinfluenceon
my thinking. I shall be forever grateful for his guidance and friendship.
Finally, I would like to thank my friends and family for their unyielding support. Erin Tettensor has relieved many
bouts of despair with her impeccable humour. I am especially thankful to my dear friend Hamish Telford, who has
been like an older brother to me in offering sound advice and a sympathetic ear. To my wife and best friend I would
like to express my deepest gratitude. Diana has supported me with a seemingly endless well of patience,
encouragement, and understanding. For that I am eternally grateful. And, above all else, I would like to thank my
parents, who have supported me at every turn and through every difficulty, and at times probably more than they
should have. It is to them that I dedicate this book.
W.B.
Glasgow
January 2003
Contents
1. Introduction 1
The Conversation of Trusteeship 8
Encountering Difference 13
Virtue, Inequality, and Tutelage 21
2. The Obligations of Power 27
From Merchant to Sovereign in British India 27
The Claim to Rule 32
The Relation of Ruler and Subject 37
The Purpose of the Office of Government 43
Providing Protection, Directing Improvement 50
3. The Internationalization of Trusteeship 53
Attitudes Towards Africa 53
The Dual Mandate 58
The Berlin Conference 63
Trusteeship and the Congo Free State 68
The Ladder of Civilization 74
4. Trusteeship as an Institution of International Society 78
War and the Old Diplomacy 78
Trusteeship or Annexation? 82
From the New World 86
The Mandates System 90
Impasse at Versailles 94
Trusteeship or Deception? 101
Novelty and Tradition 106
5. The Destruction of the Legitimacy of Trusteeship 108
The Atlantic Charter and the Future of Empire 108
The Reform of Empire 114
Trusteeship and the Charter of the United Nations 121
The End of Empire 129
Human Equality and the Illegitimacy of Trusteeship 137
6. The New Paternalism 140
The False Promise of Post-Colonial Independence 140
Innovation and Convention 145