Bacterial Control of Mosquitoes and Black Flies: Biochemistry, Genetics and Applications of Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis and Bacillus sphaericus

363 Pages·1991·9.955 MB·English

by  Huguette de Barjac (ed.), Donald J. Sutherland (ed.)

Bacterial
Control of
Mosquitoes &
Black Flies
Bacterial
Control of
Mosquitoes
&
Black Flies
Biochemistry, Genetics &
Applications of
Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis
and Bacillus sphaericus
Huguette de Batjac
DonaldJ. Sutherland
EDITORS
UNWIN HYMAN
London
© Rutgers University Press, 1990
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 1990
This book is copyright under the Berne Convention.
No reproduction without permission. All rights reserved.
ISBN-13: 978-94-011-5969-2 e-ISBN-13: 978-94-011-5967-8
DOT: 10.1007/978-94-011-5967-8
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Information available
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Bacterial control of mosquitoes and black flies: biochemistry
genetics, and applications of Bacillus thuringiensis
israelensis and Bacillus sphaericus / H. de Barjac, D. J.
Sutherland, editors.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographic references
1. Bacillus thuringiensis. 2. Bacillus sphaericus.
3. Mosquitoes-biological control. 4. Simuliidae-Biological
control. I. Barjac, Huguette de. II. Sutherland, Donald J.
QR82.B3B34 1990
614.4'32-dc20
89·70095
CIP
Contents
Contributors xv
Foreword xvii
Preface xix
PART! Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis
(B.t.i.)
1 Discovery of Bacillus thuringiensis
israelensis 3
Joel Margalit
1. 1 Introduction
1.2 Geography, Climate, and Environmental
Conditions
1.3 Detection and Isolation
2 Characterization and Prospective View of Bacillus
thuringiensis israelensis 10
Huguette de Barjac
3 Parasporal Body of Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis:
Structure, Protein Composition, and Toxicity 16
Brian A. Federici, Peter Liithy, and Jorge E. Ibarra
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Synthesis
3.3 Structure
3.4 Purification and Solubilization
3.5 Protein Composition
3.6 Toxicity
3.6.1 Intact or Solubilized Parasporal Body
3.6.2 The 27-kDa Protein
3.6.3 The 65-kDa Protein
3.6.4 The 128-and 135-kDa Proteins
3.6.5 Synergistic Interaction of Toxic Pro-
teins
vi / Contents
3.7 Mosquiticidal Parasporal Bodies of Other
Subspecies of B. thuringiensis
3.8 Discussion
4 Mechanism of Action of Bacillus thuringiensis
israelensis Parasporal Body 45
Chris N. Chilcott, Barbara H. Knowles, David]. EUar, and
Francis A. Drobniewski
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Mechanism of Action
4.2.1 Receptors
4.2.2 Toxin Structure and Membrane Inser
tion
4.2.3 Colloid-Osmotic Lysis Theory
4.2.4 Toxin Oligomerization
4.3 Discussion
5 Genetics of Bacillus thuringiensis
israelensis 66
VaithiIingam Sekar
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Genetic Exchange Systems
5.2.1 Transformation
5.2.2 Transduction
5.2.3 Plasmid Transfer
5.3 Plasmids and Crystal Toxin Production
5.3.1 Plasmids and Plasmid Curing Analysis
5.3.2 Location of the 8-endotoxin Gene
5.4 Cloning of the Crystal Toxin Gene( s )
5.s Genetics and Biochemistry of the Crystal Toxin
5.6 Conclusions
6 Cloning of Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis Mosquito
Toxin Genes 78
Thomas M. Boyle and Donald H. Dean
6. 1 Introduction
6.2 Early Confusion in CloningB.t.i. Toxin Protein
Genes
6.3 Current Picture of B. t. i. Toxin Protein Genes
6.4 Discussion
Contents / vii
7 Transfer of the Bacillus tburingiensis israelensis
Mosquiticidal Toxin Gene into Mosquito Larval Food
Sources 94
Kathleen C. Raymond, Hiroetsu Wabiko, Robert M. Faust, and
Lee A. Bulla, Jr.
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Assignment of Toxic Activity
7.3 Cloning of the Mosquito Toxin Gene
7.4 Mosquito and Black Fly Larval Food Sources
7.5 Introduction of the Mosquito Toxin Gene into
Larval Food Sources
7.6 Safety Aspects
8 Potential for Improved Formulations of Bacillus
tburingiensis israelensis through Standardization and
Fermentation Development 110
Howard T. Dulmage,Jose A. Correa, and Gabriel Gallegos·Moraies
8.1 Introduction
8.2 History
8.2.1 Background
8.2.2 Discovery and Early History
8.2.3 Standardizing and Measuring B. t. Pro-
ducts
8.2.3.1 Early Concepts
8.2.3.2 The Spore Count
8.3 Bioassays and the International Unit
8.3.1 Philosophical Differences between
Bioassays of Chemical and Microbial
Insecticides
8.3.2 Bioassays and the LCso
8.3.3 Choice of Insect Species for Bioassay
8.3.4 The International Unit
8.3.5 The de Barjac Protocol for B. t. i.; Its
Design and Principles
8.3.5.1 Preparation of Stock
Suspension of the Standard
8.3.5.2 Preparation of Suspension
of the Test Samples
8.3.5.3 Specifications for Larvae
Used in Assay
8.3.5.4 Reading the Assay
8.3.5.5 Evaluations of Assays and
Their Reproducibility
viii / Contents
8.4 Activity Ratios
8.4.1 Definition of Activity Ratios
8.4.2 Use and Significance of Activity Ratios
8.4.2.1 TnlHv Ratios of
subspecies kurstaki
8.4.2.2 Cq/A a Ratios of subspecies
israelensis
8.4.2.3 Reproducibility of Activity
Ratios in Fermentation
Studies
8.5 Potential for Improvements in Production of
the B. t i. Toxin
8.5.1 Fermentation
8.5.1.1 Strain Selection
8.5.1.2 Aeration
8.5.1.3 Selection of Nutrients
8.5.2 Recovery
8.5.2.1 Spore-crystal
Formulations
8.5.2.2 Viable Spore-free
Formulations
8.6 Summary
8.6.1 Bioassays and the Production of B. t
8.6.2 Bioassays and the Future of B. t
9 Activity, Field Efficacy, and Use of Bacillus
thuringiensis israelensis against Mosquitoes 134
MirS. Mulla
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Laboratory Evaluation
9.2.1 Screening Procedures
9.2.2 Preliminary Screening
9.2.3 Species Specificity
9.2.4 Instar Susceptibility
9.2.5 Biotic and Abiotic Factors Influencing
Activity
9.2.6 Delayed Effects
9.3 Field Evaluation and Efficacy Trials
9.3.1 Spectrum of Field Activity
9.3.1.1 Floodwater Mosquitoes
9.3.1.2 Anopheles Mosquitoes
9.3.1.3 Culex Mosquitoes
9.3.2 Persistence and Recycling
Contents / ix
9.4 Impact on Nontarget Organisms
9.5 Microbial Larvicides in Integrated Control of
Mosquitoes
10 Progress in the Biological Control of Black Flies with
Bacillus thuringiensis israeiensis, with Emphasis on
Temperate Climates 161
Daniel P. Molloy
10.1 Nature of the Black Fly Problem in
Temperate Climates
10.2 Advent of B. t. i.
10.3 Trends in Recent Research Efforts
10.4 Factors Affecting the Efficacy of B. t. i. against
Black Flies
10.4.1 Environmental Parameters
10.4.1.1 Discharge
10.4.1.2 Stream Profile
10.4.1.3 Turbidity
10.4.1.4 Pollutants
10.4.1.5 Water Temperature
10.4.1.6 pH
10.4.1.7 Degree of Vertical
Mixing in the Water
Column
10.4.1.8 Reduced Water
Velocity Due to
Negative Relief
10.4.1.9 Attachment of B. t. i.
to Benthic Sub
strates/Sediments
10.4.1.10 Other Factors
10.4.2 Black Fly Parameters
10.4.2.1 Larval Age
10.4.2.2 Species
10.4.2.3 Feeding Behavior
10.4.3 Formulation Parameters
10.4.3.1 Particle Size
10.4.3.2 Powdered versus
liquid Formulations
10.4.3.3 Formulation
Additives
10.4.4 Treatment Parameters
10.4.4.1 Concentration
x / Contents
10.4.4.2 Duration of
Application
10.4.4.3 Preparation of
Powdered
Formulations
10.5 Lack of Correlation in Formulation Potency
against Black Flies and Mosquitoes
10.6 Effect of B. t. i. on Black Fly Populations
10.7 Effect of B. t. i. on Nontarget Populations
10.7.1 Toxicity
10.7.2 Inducement of Drift
10.8 Treatment and Assessment Methodologies
10.8.1 Discharge Calculation
10.8.2 Treatment
10.8.3 Assessments of Black Fly Mortality
10.9 Product/Formulation Improvement
10.10 Area-control Programs
10.11 Possibility of Resistance
10.12 Research Priorities in Temperate Climates
10.13 Conclusions
11 Use ofB acillus thuringiensis israelensis for
Onchocerciasis Control in West Africa 187
Pierre Guillet, Daniel C. Kurtak, Bernard Philippon,
and Rolf Meyer
11. 1 Introduction
11.2 The Search for Suitable B. t. i. Formulations
11.3 Operational Use of B. t. i. in the OCP
11.4 Discussion and Prospects
12 Mammalian Safety of Bacillus thuringiensis
israelensis 202
Joel P. Siegel and John A. Shadduck
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Source and Preparation of Cultures
12.3 Results and Discussion
12.3.1 Oral and Intraperitoneal
Administration
12.3.2 Subcutaneous Injection
12.3.3 Aerosol Exposure
12.3.4 Intracerebral Injection
12.3.5 Clearance
12.3.6 Ocular Irritancy
12.4 Summary
12.5 Summary of Other Studies
Contents / xi
PART 2 Bacillus spbaericus
13 Introduction to the Study of Bacillus spbaericus as a
Mosquito Control Agent 221
Samuel Singer
13.1 Introduction
13.2 History of Extant Strains
13.3 Future Strains
14 Classification of Bacillus spbaericus Strains and
Comparative Toxicity to Mosquito Larvae 228
Huguette de Barjac
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Different Approaches to the Classification
and Characterization of Toxic Strains
14.3 Comparative Toxicity of Various Serotypes
14.4 Distribution of the Larvicidal Strains and
Activity Ratios
15 The Mosquito Larval Toxin of Bacillus
spbaericus 237
Elizabeth W. Davidson and Allan A. Yousten
15.1 Location of the Toxin in the Bacterial Cell
15.2 Biochemical Nature of the Toxin
15.3 Pathology in the Host
15.4 Host Range of the Toxin
15.5 Pathology of the Toxin in Cultured Cells
15.6 Comparison of the B. spbaericus Toxin with
the B. t. i. Toxin
16 Genetics of Bacillus spbaericus 256
William F. Burke,Jr., and Karen A Orzech
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Evidence of Genetic Heterogeneity within
the Species B. spbaericus
16.3 Naturally Occurring Antibiotic Resistances
in B. spbaericus
16.4 Auxotrophic Mutants of B. spbaericus
16.5 Transformation of B. spbaericus with
Plasmid DNA
16.6 B. spbaericus Mutants with limited
Restriction Endonuclease Activity
16.7 Evidence for the Existence ofaBsp 1593
Modification System