Table Of ContentМинистерство науки и высшего образования Российской Федерации
НОВОСИБИРСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ ТЕХНИЧЕСКИЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ
А.С. ЗОЛОТИЛИНА, Р.А.ЧЕСНОКОВА,
М.Е. ДРУКАРОВ
АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК
ДЛЯ АВИАИНЖЕНЕРОВ
AVIATION ENGLISH
FOR ENGINEERING SPECIALTIES
Утверждено
Редакционно-издательским советом университета
в качестве учебного пособия
НОВОСИБИРСК
2020
ББК 81.432.1-923
З-807
Рецензенты:
канд. филол. наук И.В. Лисица
канд. филол. наук Н.Н. Ульянова
Золотилина А.С.
З-807 Английский язык для авиаинженеров. Aviation English for
Engineering Specialties: учебное пособие / А.С. Золотилина,
Р.А.Чеснокова, М.Е. Друкаров. Новосибирск: Изд-во НГТУ,
2020. – 64 с.
ISBN 978-5-7782-4119-0
Настоящее учебное пособие предназначено для студентов II курса
технических специальностей, изучающих английский язык и обучаю-
щихся по программам: «Динамика и прочность», «Климатическая и
холодильная техника», «Гидроаэродинамика».
Целью пособия является развитие навыков чтения и перевода
технических текстов по авиационным специальностям на английском
языке. Учебное пособие включает в себя тексты авиационного про-
филя, лексический и грамматический материал, упражнения на разви-
тие навыков и умений работы с профессионально ориентированными
текстами, формирование, развитие и закрепление лексических навыков
авиационного английского языка.
Пособие содержит краткий справочный грамматический материал
по основным разделам, представляющим грамматические трудности.
Пособие может быть использовано как для практических занятий,
так и самостоятельной работы студентов-бакалавров, студентов-спе-
циалистов всех форм обучения.
ББК 81.432.1-923
ISBN 978-5-7782-4119-0 Золотилина А.С.,Чеснокова Р.А.,
Друкаров М.Е., 2020
Новосибирский государственный
технический университет, 2020
CONTENTS
MODULE I. CLIMATIC AND REFRIGERATION EQUIPMENT ......................... 4
Unit 1.1. HACR system. Refrigeration ................................................................ 4
Unit 1.2. Refrigerator ......................................................................................... 10
Unit 1.3. Air Conditioning ................................................................................. 14
MODULE II. DYNAMICS AND STRENGTH OF MACHINES .......................... 19
Unit 2.1. Flight dynamics ................................................................................... 19
Unit 2.2. Airframe .............................................................................................. 25
Unit 2.3. The profession of a maintenance technician ....................................... 31
MODULE III. HYDROAERODYNAMICS ........................................................... 37
Unit 3.1. Fundamental concepts of hydroaerodynamics .................................... 37
Unit 3.2. Laws of Hydroaerodynamics............................................................... 44
Unit 3.3. Powerplants for the aircraft ................................................................. 49
MODULE IV. GRAMMAR FOCUS ...................................................................... 52
Answers to the exercises .......................................................................................... 60
References ................................................................................................................ 63
MODULE I
CLIMATIC AND REFRIGERATION EQUIPMENT
Unit 1.1. HACR system. Refrigeration
1.1.1. Train the pronunciation and translate the international
words.
Refrigeration, process, artificial, reservoir, magnetism, transfer,
cryogenics, aircraft, generation, equipment, temperature, maintenance,
altitude, design, pressure, solar radiation.
1.1.2. Study the following vocabulary.
refrigeration – охлаждение, искусственный холод
substance – вещество, материал
ambient– окружающий, внешний
heat – тепло, теплота, нагрев
high/low-temperature reservoir – сосуд высокого/низкого давления
occupant – пассажир
skin friction – поверхностное трение
altitude – высота
significantly – значительно
to supply – подаваться, поставляться
to compress – сжиматься
bar – бар (единица атмосферного или акустического давления)
K (Kelvin) – градус Кельвина (единица измерения абсолютной тем-
пературы)
Ram effect – явление поддува, сжатие воздуха за счет скоростного
напора
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vapour – пары, паровой
coefficient of performance – коэффициент полезного действия, холо-
дильный коэффициент
leakage – утечка, потеря
to eliminate – исключать
maintenance – техническое обслуживание и ремонт
considerably – существенно
1.1.3. Read the text and say what new facts you have found.
Text 1
HACR system
Refrigeration
HACR (heating, air conditioning and refrigeration) is the technology of
indoor and vehicular environmental comfort. Its goal is to provide thermal
comfort and acceptable indoor air quality. HACR system design is a
subdiscipline of mechanical engineering, based on the principles of
thermodynamics, fluid mechanics and heat transfer. One of the main
constituent parts of HACR system is the process of refrigeration.
Refrigeration is the process of cooling a space, substance, or system to
lower and/or maintain its temperature below the ambient one (while the
removed heat is rejected at a higher temperature). In other words,
refrigeration means artificial (human-made) cooling. Modern refrigeration
systems operate using a vapour compression cycle. Heat is removed from a
low-temperature reservoir and transferred to a high-temperature reservoir.
The work of heat transfer is traditionally driven by mechanical means, but
can also be driven by heat, magnetism, electricity, laser, or other means.
Refrigeration has many applications, including household refrigerators,
industrial freezers, cryogenics, and air conditioning. Heat pumps may use
the heat output of the refrigeration process, and also may be designed to be
reversible, but are otherwise similar to air conditioning units.
Aircraft cooling systems are required to keep the cabin temperatures at a
comfortable level. Even though the outside temperatures are very low at
high altitudes, still cooling of cabin is required due to:
– Large internal heat generation due to occupants, equipment etc.
– Heat generation due to skin friction caused by the fast moving aircraft.
– At high altitudes, the outside pressure will be sub-atmospheric. When
air at this low pressure is compressed and supplied to the cabin at pressures
5
close to atmospheric, the temperature increases significantly. For example,
when outside air at a pressure of 0.2 bar and temperature of 223 K (at 10000
m altitude) is compressed to 1 bar, its temperature increases to about 353 K.
If the cabin is maintained at 0.8 bar, the temperature will be about 332 K.
This effect is called as ram effect. This effect adds heat to the cabin, which
needs to be taken out by the cooling system.
– Solar radiation for low speed aircraft flying at low altitudes, cooling
system may not be required; however, for high speed aircraft flying at high
altitudes, a cooling system is a must.
Even though the coefficient of performance of air cycle refrigeration is
very low compared to vapour compression refrigeration systems, it is still
found to be most suitable for aircraft refrigeration systems as:
– Air is cheap, safe, non-toxic and non-flammable. Leakage of air is not
a problem.
– Cold air can directly be used for cooling thus eliminating the low
temperature heat exchanger (open systems) leading to lower weight.
– The aircraft engine already consists of a high speed turbo-compressor,
hence separate compressor for cooling system is not required. This reduces
the weight per kW cooling considerably. Typically, less than 50% of an
equivalent vapour compression system.
– Design of the complete system is much simpler due to low pressures.
Maintenance required is also less.
1.1.4. Read text 1 and answer the questions:
1. What is refrigeration?
2. What is the refrigeration process?
3. Where can refrigeration be applied?
4. Why are aircraft cooling systems used?
5. What is the ram effect?
6. What are the advantages of air cooling refrigeration?
1.1.5. Mark each statement as T (True), F (False) or N (Not
Mentioned). In case the statement is false, correct it.
1. Refrigeration is defined as the process of reducing and maintaining
the temperature of a space or material below the temperature of the
surroundings.
2. Refrigeration is the opposite of the natural flow of heat.
3. Refrigeration is based on three principles.
6
4. Refrigeration is the process of transferring heat from a high-
temperature reservoir to a low-temperature reservoir.
5. The heat may be taken outside the refrigeration procedure.
6. Cooling systems are needed to keep favourable cabin temperatures.
7. There is no need in a cooling system at high altitudes.
8. Air cycle refrigeration systems belong to general class of gas ones.
1.1.6. Divide the text into logical parts and entitle them.
1.1.7. Complete the sentences.
1. Refrigeration is ….
2. Refrigeration means ….
3. Heat is removed from ….
4. Aircraft cooling systems are required ….
5. Air cycle refrigeration is still found ….
6. Ram effect adds ….
1.1.8. Match the words in A with the words in B to form word
combinations and translate them.
A B
1. air cycle a) refrigeration
2. solar b) generation
3. ram c) cooling systems
4. heat d) process
5. high e) reservoir
6. vapour compression f) altitudes
7. aircraft g) means
8. refrigeration h) effect
9. air i) refrigeration
10. industrial j) radiation
11. mechanical k) freezers
12. low-temperature l) conditioning
1.1.9. Fill in the blanks using verbs below to obtain a complete
description.
prevent, happen, occur, cool, provide, drive, heat up, transform, convert
7
An example of a typical cooling system
The piston engine (1) ____ the propeller and thus (2) ____chemical
energy of the fuel into heat and pressure energy through combustion with
air. Heat and pressure energy are (3) ____into mechanical energy needed to
(4) ____the propeller. But the engine (5) ____, leading to high engine
temperatures. In some engines, it is airflow which (6) ____ the engine.
Cylinders are fitted with cooling fins which increase the exposed surface
area, allowing better cooling. Uneven cooling sometimes (7) ____.To (8)
____this from (9) ____, certain key features are (10) ____.
1.1.10. Read then match the various parts below and their functions
or definitions.
Cylinder heads require constant cooling. A gauge enables the pilot to
monitor closely cylinder head temperature (CHT). Not pictured are cooling
fins which are mounted on cylinder heads to increase their surface area.
Cowling surrounds the engine, covering it and increasing airflow. Cowling
ducts are openings aft of the propeller allowing air to enter the engine cavity
and circulate. Air escapes via cowling outlets which are both fixed and
variable. The latter variety is also referred to as faired cowl flaps and can be
set by the pilot to control engine cooling. In addition to cowl flaps, engine
baffles distribute the air evenly around the cylinders. Cooling has a price:
the open flaps cause an increase in drag called cooling drag.
1. cooling fins a) enables air to escape
2. cowling ducts b) increases exposed surface area
3. baffles c) covers engine and increases air
4. cowl outlet d) invariable air outlet
8
5. cowling e) indicates the temperature of the
cylinder head
6. cooling cowl flaps f) captures air behind the propeller
7. faired cowl flaps g) distributes air evenly around
cylinders
8. fixed cowl opening h) parasite drag increasing with open
flaps
9. cooling drag i) enable the pilot to control engine
cooling
10. CHT gauge (CHT=cylinder head j) allow more air to escape from engine
temperature) compartment
1.1.11. Give the corresponding term for each definition. Use ex.
1.1.10. to help you.
1. It's a streamlined metal covering.
2. It's an opening or duct, allowing air to enter.
3. It's an opening or duct, allowing air to escape.
4. It's a partition or plate that guides airflow.
5. It's a measuring device indicating temperature.
1.1.12. Each of the verbs in column A has a related noun in –er or –
or in column B. Complete the blanks.
For example: refrigerate– refrigerator
A Verb BNoun
1. condense
2. evaporator
3. compress
4. resist
5. charger
6. generate
7. conduct
8. exchanger
9. radiate
10. control
1.1.13. Look through text 1 and find examples of Passive Voice.
Define their tense.
9
1.1.14. Name the tense and voice in each sentence and explain their use.
1. Refrigeration is the process of removing heat from a lower
temperature zone and discarding it to a higher-temperature zone.
2. Modern refrigeration systems operate using a vapour compression
cycle.
3. Refrigeration means human-made cooling.
4. Heat is a common form of energy produced from chemical or
physical sources.
5. The work of heat transfer is traditionally driven by mechanical
means.
6. Aircraft cooling systems are required to keep the cabin temperatures
at a comfortable level.
7. When air is compressed and supplied to the cabin at pressures close to
atmospheric, the temperature increases significantly.
8. Ram effect adds heat to the cabin, which needs to be taken out by the
cooling system.
9. Design of the complete system is much simpler due to low pressures.
10. Cold air can directly be used for cooling thus eliminating the low
temperature heat exchanger leading to lower weight.
1.1.15. Explain the concepts “refrigeration”, “refrigeration process”
in your own words the way you understand them.
1.1.16. Scan the text and note down the essential information. Sum
up the main points of the text.
1.1.17. Prepare a short report on “Modern refrigeration systems
and their operation” and deliver it to your group mates.
Unit 1.2. Refrigerator
1.2.1. Read and memorize the following terms.
refrigerator – холодильник, рефрижератор
compressor – компрессор, нагреватель
condenser – конденсатор, испаритель
liquid– жидкость
cabinet– корпус
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