Astrophysical Data: Planets and Stars

941 Pages·1992·18.325 MB·English

by  Kenneth R. Lang (auth.)

Astrophysical Data
Kenneth R. Lang
Astrophysical Data
Planets and Stars
With 33 Illustrations
Springer-Verlag
New York Berlin Heidelberg London Paris
Tokyo Hong Kong Barcelona Budapest
Kenneth R. Lang
Department of Physics and Astronomy
Tufts University
Medford, MA 02155
USA
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Lang, Kenneth R.
Astrophysical data / Kenneth R. Lang.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and indexes.
Contents: Planets and stars.
1. Astrophysics-Observations-Handbooks, manuals, etc.
I. Title.
QB461. L35 1991
523.01-dc20 91-11236
Printed on acid-free paper.
© 1992 Springer-Verlag New York, Inc.
Softcover reprint of the hardcover lst edition 1992
All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the
publisher (Springer-Verlag New York, Inc., 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010, USA), except for brief excerpts in
connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval,
electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is
forbidden.
The use of general descriptive names, trade names, trademarks, etc., in this publication, even if the former are not
especially identified, is not to be taken as a sign that such names, as understood by the Trade Marks and Merchandise
Marks Act, may accordingly be used freely by anyone.
Camera ready copy provided by the author using LaTex.
987654321
ISBN-13 :978-1-4684-0642-9 e-ISBN-13:978-1-4684-0640-5
DOl: 10.1007/978-1-4684-0640-5
Preface
This volume of Astrophysical Data deals with Planets and Stars; a second
volume, Part II, will give data for Galaxies and the Universe. They both pro
vide basic data for use by all scientists, from the amateur astronomer to the
professional astrophysicist. In this first volume, we not only provide physical
parameters of planets, stars and their environment, but we also provide the
celestial coordinates required to observe them.
Here we use c.g.s. units, for they are the most commonly used in astron
omy and astrophysics; but our volume begins with astronomical and physical
constants and the conversion factors needed for other units.
The next section concerns the planets and their satellites; it singles out the
Earth and Moon for special treatment. Spacecraft rendezvous with the planets
and satellites have led to improved values for their atmospheric compositions,
orbital parameters, magnetic fields, masses, radii, rotation periods, and surface
pressures and temperatures. This section also contains data for the asteroids,
comets and their debris.
We then discuss everyday stars, beginning with the Sun, and continuing with
basic stellar data, the brightest stars and nearby stars. Special categories of
stars, such as the Wolf-Rayet stars, magnetic stars, flare stars, and RS CVn
binary stars, are included.
The section on star clusters includes globular clusters, open clusters and OB
associations. The next section concerns regions of star formation; it includes
molecular clouds, dust clouds, circumstellar disks or shells, T Tauri stars, and
Herbig-Haro objects. Our following discussion of the stellar environment includes
emission nebulae, at both optical and radio wavelengths, reflection nebulae, and
planetary nebulae.
We next consider dying stars, such as white dwarf stars, pulsars, and candi
date black holes, as well as interacting binary systems including classical novae,
dwarf novae and symbiotic stars. Supernovae explosions and their remnants are
also discussed; the supernova remnants are mainly visible in the radio and X-ray
windows of the electromagnetic spectrum. Here we also include detailed informa
tion on objects of special current interest, such as polars with their mega-Gauss
fields, Supernova 1987 A, Cassiopeia A, and the Crab Nebula.
The high-energy X-ray and gamma ray windows on the Universe are high
lighted in the next chapter that includes compact X-ray sources, like Cygnus
VI Preface
X-3 and SS 433, low mass X-ray binaries, and gamma ray sources. Our book
concludes with an Appendix of the 2,241 nearest stars and an extensive bibliog
raphy.
And how was such a large collection of data compiled? It began in the fine li
brary at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics (CFA)j many thanks
go to Joyce M. Watson and her colleagues at the CFA for their pleasant hospi
tality over the years. After searching the astrophysical journals and supplements
for relevant material, I combined existing catalogues or tables to create new col
lections of data that have usually not been previously published in exactly the
form presented here. Of course, there were times when the existing data could
not be improved, and in these cases the original data were usually extracted from
computerized versions provided by either the original authors or by Wayne H.
Warren Jr. at the National Space Science Data Center. The original sources for
all of the data are referenced in the text, and gathered together in the complete
references given near the end of the volume.
Although I checked each number in every table twice, and nearly ruined my
eyesight, human error is inevitable. So, notification of any omissions, errors or
corrections will be greatly appreciated by users of future editions.
But why go to all this trouble? It brings no respect from many practicing
scientists who regard book-writing as an appropriate activity for the aging, senile,
or unproductive. And money is not a factor. The author receives about 25 cents
an hour from the publisher. The real reason is to share useful facts and ideas.
My reward will come when current, or future, astronomers and astrophysicists
turn to this volume for that constant or physical parameter they needed, or when
they use it to find an object that they wanted to view.
A very special acknowledgment goes to William R. Leeson, who assiduously
entered much of this data into the Tufts' computer using 1\TEX software. Equally
important acknowledgment and thanks go to those who either supplied unique
and valuable data or checked and supplemented draft tables. They include Agnes
Acker, Edward Anders, Pierre Bastien, Hilmar W. Duerbeck, Von R. Eshleman,
Nicolas Grevesse, Kenneth A. Janes, James Liebert, Gosta Lynga, Jeffrey E. Mc
Clintock, E. Myles Standish Jr., Bjorn Ragnvald Pettersen, Gary Schmidt, Fred
Seward, Joseph H. Taylor, Yervant Terzian, Robert F. Willson and Robert J.
Zinno
Kenneth R. Lang
Tufts University
New Years Eve, 1991
Contents
Preface v
Part I. Constants and Conversion Factors
1. Constants and Units ........................................... 3
1.1 Physical Constants ................................................. 3
1.2 Astronomical Constants ............................. , .............. 9
1.3 Conversion Factors ............................................... 16
Part II. Planets and their Satellites
2. Planet Earth .................................................... 29
2.1 Physical Parameters and Motions of the Earth ..................... 29
2.2 Timescales on Earth ............................................... 33
2.3 Terrestrial Atmosphere ................................ , ........... 35
2.4 Terrestrial Impact Craters ...................... , ....... , .... , ..... 38
3. The Planets ........................................ , ............. 41
3.1 The Planetary System ............................................. 41
3.2 Physical Parameters of the Planets ......., ......................... 43
3.3 Planetary Atmospheres ........................................... 50
3.4 Planetary Rings ................................................... 53
4. The Moon ........................................................ 56
4.1 Physical Parameters and Motions of the Moon ..................... 56
4.2 Lunar Maria and Craters ............................ , ............. 59
5. Satellites of the Planets ..................................... 68
5.1 General Properties of the Satellites ................................. 68
5.2 Physical Elements for the Principal Satellites ....................... 73
5,3 Physical Elements for the Small Satellites .......................... 74
6. Asteroids and their Debris ................................. 75
6.1 Genera.! Properties of the Asteroids ................................ 75
6.2 Selected Asteroids: Physical and Orbital Elements ................. 78
6.3 Concentrations of Asteroids ........................................ 80
Vlll Contents
6.4 Asteroid Debris .................................................... 82
6.5 Solar System Abundances of the Elements ......................... 84
7. Comets and their Debris ................. ·.· ................ 86
7.1 Structural Properties of Comets .................................... 86
7.2 Origin and Statistics of Comets .................................... 88
7.3 Comets of Special Interest ......................................... 89
7.4 Long Period and Short Period Comets ............................. 92
7.5 Cometary Debris .................................................. 98
Part III. The Stars
8. The Sun ......................................................... 103
8.1 Basic Solar Data ................................................. 103
8.2 Standard Solar Model ............................................ 106
8.3 Solar Neutrinos .................................................. 108
8.4 The Outer Solar Atmosphere ..................................... 109
9. Basic Stellar Data ............................................ 113
9.1 Physical Parameters of the Stars ................................. 113
9.2 Numerical Relations and Laws ................................... 116
9.3 Observed Angular Diameters of Stars ............................. 118
9.4 Stellar Masses ................................................... 120
9.5 Spectral Classification of the Stars ............................... 125
9.6 Stellar Mass, Radius, Density and Rotation ....................... 132
9.7 Stellar Temperature and Luminosity .............................. 136
9.8 Absolute Visual Magnitudes of the Stars .......................... 144
9.g Colors of the Stars ............................................... 147
10. Bright and Nearby Stars ................................. 154
10.1 Named Stars and Constellations ................................. 154
10.2 The Nearest and Brightest Stars ................................. 161
10.3 Catalogue of 446 Stars Brighter than
Apparent Visual Magnitude 4.00 ............................... 168
11. Wolf-Rayet Stars ........................................... 194
11.1 Basic Data for Wolf-Rayet Stars ................................. 194
11.2 Catalogue of Wolf-Rayet Stars .................................. 209
12. Magnetic Stars ............................................... 216
12.1 Basic Data for Magnetic Stars ................................... 216
12.2 Catalogue of Nondegenerate Magnetic Stars ...................... 221
13. Stellar Activity .............................................. 227
13.1 General Properties of Flare Stars ................................ 227
13.2 Catalogue of Nearby Flare Stars ................................. 232
13.3 Catalogue of RS CVn and BY Dra Binaries - Part I ............ 238
13.4 Catalogue of RS CVn and BY Dra Binaries - Part II ........... 250
Contents ix
Part IV. Star Clusters and Associations
14. Globular Clusters ........................................... 257
14.1 Basic Data for Globular Clusters. '" ............................ 257
14.2 Catalogue of Globular Clusters - Part I. ........................ 263
14.3 Catalogue of Globular Clusters - Part II ........................ 268
15. Open Clusters ................................................ 278
15.1 Basic Data for Open Clusters .................................... 278
15.2 Catalogue of Open Clusters ...................................... 284
16. OB Associations ............................................. 350
16.1 Basic Data for OB Associations .................................. 350
16.2 Catalogue of OB Associations ................................... 353
Part V. The Stellar Environment
17. Regions of Star Formation ............................... 359
17.1 Molecular Clouds and Dust Clouds .............................. 359
17.2 T Tauri Stars and Related Objects .............................. 375
17.3 Herbig-Haro Objects ............................................ 398
18. Diffuse Emission Nebulae or H II Regions ......... .405
18.1 Basic Data for Emission Nebulae ................................ 405
18.2 Emission Nebulae at Optical Wavelengths ....................... .410
18.3 Emission Nebulae at Radio Wavelengths ......................... 422
19. Reflection Nebulae ......................................... 438
19.1 Basic Data for Reflection Nebulae ............................... 438
19.2 Catalogue of Reflection Nebulae ................................. 444
20. Planetary Nebulae .......................................... 462
20.1 Basic Data for Planetary Nebulae ............................... .462
20.2 Catalogue of Planetary Nebulae - Part I ........................ 464
20.3 Catalogue of Planetary Nebulae - Part II ....................... 510
Part VI. Dying Stars
21. White Dwarf Stars ......................................... 535
21.1 Basic Data for White Dwarf Stars ............................... 535
21.2 Catalogue of White Dwarf Stars ................................. 546
21.3 Cross-Reference Name Index for White Dwarf Stars .............. 578
22. Pulsars ......................................................... 605
22.1 Basic Data for Pulsars ........................................... 605
22.2 Catalogue of Pulsars - Part 1 .................................... 614
22.3 Catalogue of Pulsars - Part II ................................... 640
x Contents
23. Candidate Black Holes .................................... 653
23.1 Catalogue of Candidate Black Holes ............................. 653
Part VII. Interacting Binary Systems
24. Cataclysmic Binary Systems ............................. 657
24.1 Basic Data for Cataclysmic Binary Systems ...................... 657
24.2 Cataclysmic Binaries with Known Periods ....................... 665
24.3 Catalogue of Classical Novae .................................... 670
24.4 Catalogue of Dwarf Novae ....................................... 684
25. Symbiotic Stars .............................................. 690
25.1 Basic Data for Symbiotic Stars .................................. 690
25.2 Catalogue of Symbiotic Stars .................................... 694
Part VIII. Supernovae Explosions and their Remnants
26. Supernovae .................................................... 701
26.1 Basic Data for Supernovae ....................................... 701
27. Supernova Remnants ....................................... 709
27.1 Basic Data for Supernova Remnants ............................. 709
27.2 X-Ray Radiation from Supernova Remnants ..................... 721
27.3 Catalogue of Galactic Supernova Remnants ...................... 725
27.4 Cross-Reference Name Index for Supernova Remnants ............ 730
Part IX. High Energy Radiation From Stars
28. X-Ray and Gamma Ray Sources ....................... 733
28.1 Compact X-Ray Sources ......................................... 733
28.2 Low-Mass X-Ray Binaries ....................................... 745
28.3 Gamma Ray Sources ............................................ 754
29. Appendix ...................................................... 758
29.1 Catalogue of Nearby Stars ....................................... 758
References ............................................................... 889
Index .................................................................... 919
Part I
Constants and
Conversion Factors