Asthma in the 21st Century: New Research Advances

264 Pages·2022·24.724 MB·English

by  Rachel Nadif

Asthma in the 21st Century
New Research Advances

Asthma in the 21st Century
New Research Advances
Edited by
Rachel Nadif
Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Univ. Paris-Sud, Inserm, Equipe d’Epidémiologie
Respiratoire Intégrative, CESP, Villejuif, France
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Contents
Contributors ix 2.2.3 Mechanisms through which eosinophils
Foreword xiii contribute to disease 34
Acknowledgments xv 2.2 Noneosinophilic asthma 36
2.2.1 Defining noneosinophilic asthma 36
1. Asthma: From one disease 2.2.2 Clinical characteristics of
to endotypes noneosinophilic asthma 36
2.2.3 Mechanisms of noneosinophilic asthma 37
Rachel Nadif, Marine Savouré 2.3 Implications for treatment of asthma 40
2.4 Conclusion 40
1.1 Introduction 1
References 40
1.2 History of “asthma” 1
1.2.1 From antiquity to the 19th century 1
3. Airway microbiome and asthma
1.2.2 The modern ERA: From the 20th
century to the present time 2 Orianne Dumas, Laura Toivonen, Zhen Li,
1.3 Clinical and epidemiological aspects
Kohei Hasegawa, Carlos A. Camargo, Jr.
of asthma 2
3.1 Introduction 47
1.3.1 Clinical aspects of asthma 2
3.2 Sampling and characterization of airway
1.3.2 Epidemiological aspects of asthma 4
microbiome 47
1.3.3 From one disease to phenotypes 7
1.4 Asthma phenotypes 7 3.2.1 Sampling 47
1.4.1 Phenotypes according to the age of 3.2.2 Marker gene analysis 48
onset of asthma 7 3.2.3 Metagenomic shotgun sequencing 48
1.4.2 From phenotypes to endotypes 9 3.2.4 Statistical analysis 49
1.5 Asthma endotypes 9 3.3 Airway microbiota and asthma in adults 49
1.5.1 Endotypes from inflammatory and 3.3.1 Airway microbiota in patients with
severe asthma phenotypes 10 asthma versus healthy subjects 49
1.5.2 Endotypes including omics-based 3.3.2 Airway microbiota and asthma
approaches 11 phenotypes 49
1.5.2 Endotypes identified by data-driven 3.3.3 Conclusion and discussion on airway
methods 11 microbiota in adults 52
1.6 Conclusion 24 3.4 Airway microbiota, wheezing and asthma
References 24 in children 53
3.4.1 Wheezing illnesses 53
2. Eosinophilic and noneosinophilic 3.4.2 Asthma 53
3.4.3 Conclusion and discussion on airway
asthma: Beyond severe asthma
microbiota in children 54
Tara F. Carr, Sanjay B. Patel 3.5 Early life environment and airway
microbiota 55
2.1 Introduction 31
3.6 Gut microbiota, airway microbiota and the
2.2 Eosinophilic asthma 31
gut–lung axis in asthma 56
2.2.1 Defining eosinophilic asthma 31 3.7 Conclusion and future directions 57
2.2.2 Clinical characteristics of eosinophilic References 58
asthma 32
v
vi Contents
4. Gender differences and sex-related 5.3 Windows of exposure and expression,
and measurement error 92
hormonal factors in asthma
5.4 Diet and asthma: State of the art 93
Bénédicte Leynaert, Francisco Gómez Real, 5.4.1 Dietary antioxidant intake 93
N. Sabrina Idrose, Shyamali C. Dharmage 5.4.2 Dietary polyunsaturated fatty
acid intake 99
4.1 Introduction 63
5.4.3 Vitamin D 102
4.2 Gender differences in asthma, findings
5.4.4 Folates 104
from epidemiologic studies 64
5.4.5 Fiber 104
4.2.1 Asthma prevalence 64
5.4.6 Specific food or food groups 107
4.2.2 Incidence and remission 64
5.4.7 Dietary patterns 112
4.2.3 Diagnosis 67
5.5 Complex interrelations between diet,
4.2.4 Severity and phenotypes 67
obesity, and physical activity in asthma
4.3 Hormonal factors: Events associated with
prevention and management 116
changes in sex hormones among women 69
5.5.1 State of the art 116
4.3.1 Changes in respiratory outcomes
5.5.2 The issue of mediation by obesity
with puberty and menarche 69
in the diet-asthma association 117
4.3.2 Changes in respiratory outcomes
5.5.3 The issue of time-dependent
with menstrual cycle 70
confounding in the interrelations
4.3.3 Changes in respiratory outcomes
between nutritional factors
with oral contraceptive use 71
and asthma 118
4.3.4 Changes in respiratory outcomes
5.5.4 Epiphenomenon 118
with pregnancy 72
5.6 Conclusion and future directions 119
4.3.5 Changes in respiratory outcomes
References 119
with menopause 73
4.3.6 Changes in respiratory outcomes
6. Indoor air and respiratory health:
with hormonal treatment for the
Volatile organic compounds and
menopause 74
4.4 Hormones and respiratory health 76 cleaning products
4.4.1 Overview of findings from
Lidia Casas, Orianne Dumas, Nicole Le Moual
experimental studies 76
4.4.2 Lung physiology, sex hormones, sex 6.1 Introduction 135
hormone-binding globulin and asthma: 6.2 Exposure assessment of indoor chemicals:
Findings from Epidemiologic studies VOCs, SVOCs, and cleaning products 136
and clinical trials 78 6.2.1 Exposure assessment of volatile
4.5 Gender specific determinants of asthma, organic compounds 136
beyond sex hormones 80 6.2.2 Exposure assessment of semivolatile
4.5.1 Obesity 80 organic compounds 136
4.5.2 Environment 80 6.2.3 Cleaning products 137
4.5.3 Gender and sex hormones 81 6.3 Respiratory health effects of residential
4.6 Conclusion 81 exposure to VOCs, SVOCs, and cleaning
References 81 products: Results from epidemiological
studies 138
5. Diet and asthma 6.3.1 Respiratory effects of volatile organic
compounds 138
Raphaëlle Varraso, Zhen Li, Annabelle Bedard,
6.3.2 Respiratory effects of semivolatile
Carlos A. Camargo, Jr.
organic compounds 140
5.1 Introduction 87 6.3.3 Cleaning products 141
5.2 Assessment of diet in epidemiological 6.4 Conclusions on respiratory health effects of
studies 87 cleaning products 145
5.2.1 Tools to assess dietary intakes 87 6.5 Conclusion and future directions 145
5.2.2 Approaches to analyzing dietary data 88 References 146
Contents vii
7. Outdoor air pollution and asthma 8.4.2 Overview of DNAm studies in asthma 184
8.4.3 Take-home messages from DNAm
in a changing climate
studies in asthma 189
Bénédicte Jacquemin, Emilie Burte, Marine Savouré, 8.5 Conclusions and future directions 189
Joachim Heinrich References 190
7.1 General introduction 151
9. Asthma and COPD: distinct diseases
7.2 Air pollution and asthma 152
or components of a continuum?
7.2.1 Main air pollutants 152
7.2.2 Short-term effect on asthma 153
Clémence Martin, Guillaume Chassagnon, Sven
7.2.3 Long-term air pollution and asthma 153
Günther, Stéfanie Habib, Jean Pastré, Pierre-Régis
7.2.4 Susceptibility factors 160
Burgel, Nicolas Roche
7.2.5 Burden of air pollution exposure
on asthma 161 9.1 Introduction 195
7.2.6 Possible mechanisms 161 9.2 Asthma, COPD, overlap: definitions and
7.2.7 Causality 162 basic epidemiology 196
7.3 Asthma and air pollution in the context 9.2.1 Definitions 196
of climate change 163 9.2.2 Burden 196
7.3.1 Air pollution and climate change 164 9.3 Natural history of and risk factors for
7.3.2 Climate change and asthma 165 obstructive airways diseases, from childhood
7.3.3 Interaction between climate change, to advanced age 197
air pollution, and asthma 166 9.3.1 From early life and childhood to adult
7.4 General conclusion 167 asthma and COPD 198
References 168 9.3.2 Common and specific risk factors 199
9.3.3 Asthma and COPD in adults 200
9.3.4 Asthma and COPD in the elderly 201
8. Genetic and epigenetic links
9.4 Shared and distinct underlying
to asthma risk mechanisms 201
9.4.1 Small airways obstruction 201
Andréanne Morin, Carole Ober, Nathan Schoettler
9.4.2 Microbial environment 201
8.1 Introduction 173 9.4.3 Inflammatory pathways and their
8.2 Asthma gene discovery through genome- biomarkers 202
wide association studies 173 9.5 Clinical presentations and diagnostic
8.2.1 Beyond SNP associations 174 challenges 203
8.2.2 Genetic associations of asthma 9.5.1 Major clinical phenotypes 204
subphenotypes 176 9.5.2 Asthma-COPD overlap (ACO) 204
8.2.3 Take-home messages from GWASs 9.6 Physiological similarities and differences
of asthma 177 between asthma and COPD 204
8.3 The role of rare and loss-of-function 9.7 The role of imaging in the assessment of
variants in asthma 177 chronic airways diseases 205
8.3.1 Rare LOF variants in the ADRB2 gene 9.7.1 Computed tomography (CT) signs of
are associated with severe asthma 178 bronchial involvement 205
8.3.2 A rare LOF variant in the IL33 gene 9.7.2 Specific features of COPD 206
is associated with eosinophilia 9.7.3 Particular features of ACO 206
and asthma 181 9.7.4 Indications of imaging in clinical
8.3.3 Nonsense mutations in the FLG gene routine and research settings 206
are associated with asthma 182 9.8 Therapeutic implications 206
8.3.4 A common LOF variant in GSDMB 9.8.1 Inhaled corticosteroids and inhaled
confers protection from asthma 182 bronchodilators 206
8.3.5 Take-home messages from rare variant 9.8.2 Biologics targeting type 2 inflammation 207
and loss-of-function mutation studies 183 9.8.3 Add-on, nonbiologic therapies 207
8.4 Epigenomic studies of asthma 183 9.9 Conclusions 208
8.4.1 Methods for studying DNAm 184 References 208
viii Contents
10. Asthma in an aging world 10.7 Conclusion 226
References 226
Hiroyuki Nagase, Maho Suzukawa
11. Asthma in the digital world
10.1 Introduction 217
10.2 Epidemiology of asthma in the elderly 217
Jean Bousquet, Bernardo Sousa-Pinto, Francesca
10.2.1 Epidemiology of elderly persons 217
Puggioni, Aram Anto, Fabio Balli, Thomas Casale,
10.2.2 Epidemiology of asthma in
Wienczyslawa Czarlewski, Anna Bedbrook,
the elderly 217
Luisa Brussino, Mina Gaga, Bilun Gemicioglu,
10.2.3 Death from asthma in the elderly 217
Ludger Klimek, Violeta Kvedariene, Renaud Louis,
10.3 Physiological change in the airways
Joaquin Sastre, Nicola Scichilone, Arunas Valiulis,
due to aging 218
Eleptherios Zervas, Arzu Yorgancioglu, Torsten
10.3.1 Structural changes 218
Zuberbier, Josep M Anto, G Walter Canonica,
10.3.2 Changes in pulmonary function
Joao A Fonseca
due to aging 218
10.3.3 Immunosenescence 219 11.1 Introduction 231
10.4 Phenotype of asthma in the elderly 219 11.2 Regulatory framework for data
10.5 Problems in diagnosing asthma in protection 232
the elderly 221 11.3 Electronic health records 233
10.5.1 Airflow limitation 222 11.4 Registries in severe asthma 233
10.5.2 Bronchial hyper-responsiveness 222 11.5 Telehealth in asthma 234
10.5.3 Fraction of exhaled nitric oxide 11.6 mHealth apps 234
(FeNO) 222 11.7 mHealth sensors 235
10.5.4 Underperception of dyspnea 222 11.8 Platforms 236
10.5.5 Problems in spirometry 223 11.9 Serious games 236
10.5.6 Comorbidities 223 11.10 Impact of digital health on asthma 237
10.6 Treatment of asthma in the elderly 223 11.10.1 Phenotype discovery using
10.6.1 Low peak inspiratory flow and digital health 237
difficulty in synchronization 223 11.10.2 Diagnosis 237
10.6.2 Inhaled corticosteroids 224 11.10.3 Management 237
10.6.3 Bronchodilators 224 11.10.4 Adherence to treatment 237
10.6.4 Combination agents comprising 11.11 Conclusion 238
ICS, LABA, and LAMA 225 References 239
10.6.5 Biologics 225
10.6.6 Other agents 226 Index 245
Contributors
Aram Anto MASK-air, Montpellier, France IRCCS, Rozzano, Italy; Department of Biomedical
Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Italy
Josep M Anto ISGlobAL, Barcelona Institute for
Global Health, Barcelona, Spain; IMIM (Hospital del Tara F. Carr Department of Medicine, University of
Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain; Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; Thomas Casale Division of Allergy/immunology,
CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP),
University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
Barcelona, Spain
Lidia Casas Social Epidemiology and Health Policy
Fabio Balli Breathing Games Association, Geneva, (SEHPO), Department of Family Medicine and
Switzerland; Concordia University, Montreal, Canada Population Health (FAMPOP), University of Antwerp,
Annabelle Bedard Paris-Saclay University, UVSQ, Wilrijk, Belgium
Paris-Sud University, Inserm, Integrative Respiratory Guillaume Chassagnon Université Paris Cité, Paris,
Epidemiology team, CESP, Villejuif, France France; Service de Radiologie, Hôpital Cochin, APHP.
Anna Bedbrook MASK-air, Montpellier, France Centre, Paris, France
Jean Bousquet Institute of Allergology, Charité – Wienczyslawa Czarlewski Medical Consulting
Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Czarlewski, Levallois, France
Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Shyamali C. Dharmage Centre for Food and Allergy
Berlin, Germany; Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Research, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute,
Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Allergology and Victoria, Australia; Allergy and Lung Health Unit,
Immunology, Berlin, Germany; University Hospital School of Population and Global Health, University of
Montpellier, Montpellier, France Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
Luisa Brussino Department of Medical Sciences, Allergy Orianne Dumas Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Univ.
and Clinical Immunology Unit, University of Torino & Paris-Sud, Inserm, Équipe d’Épidémiologie respiratoire
Mauriziano Hospital, Torino, Italy intégrative, CESP, Villejuif, France
Pierre-Régis Burgel Service de Pneumologie, Hôpital Joao A Fonseca MEDCIDS - Department of Community
Cochin, APHP. Centre, Paris, France; Université Paris Medicine, Information and Health Decision Sciences,
Cité, Paris, France; Institut Cochin, UMR 1016, Paris, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto,
France Portugal; CINTESIS – Center for Health Technology
and Services Research, University of Porto, Porto,
Emilie Burte Univ. Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset
Portugal; RISE – Health Research Network, University
(Institut de recherche en santé, envir onnement et travail)
of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- UMR_S 1085, Rennes, France
Mina Gaga ERS President 2017-2018, Athens Chest
Carlos A. Camargo, Jr. Department of Emergency
Hospital, 7th Resp Med Department and Asthma Center,
Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard
Athens, Greece
Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States;
Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department Bilun Gemicioglu Department of Pulmonary Diseases,
of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Cerrahpasa Faculty of
Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States; Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School Sven Günther Université Paris Cité, Paris, France;
of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States Unité d’Explorations Fonctionnelles Respiratoires et
G Walter Canonica Personalized Medicine, Asthma Sommeil, Hôpital Européen George Pompidou, Paris,
and Allergy, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center France
ix