Ascorbic Acid In Aquatic Organisms: Status and Perspectives

304 Pages·2000·3.01 MB·English

by  Konrad Dabrowski

Ascorbic
Acid
in
Aquatic
Organisms
Status and Perspectives

Ascorbic
Acid
in
Aquatic
Organisms
Status and Perspectives
Edited by
Konrad Dabrowski
CRC Press
Boca Raton London New York Washington, D.C.
1020003_CRC21_9881_FM 11/15/00 5:31 PM Page ii
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Ascorbic acid in aquatic organisms / Edited by Konrad Dabrowski.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references (p. ).
ISBN 0-8493-9881-9 (alk. paper)
1. Fishes -- Nutrition. 2. Aquatic organisms--Nutrition. 3. Vitamin C. I. Title
SH156 .D23 2000
639.3--dc21 00-052908
CIP
This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material
is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. Awide variety of references are listed. Reasonable
efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot
assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the consequences of their use.
Neither this book nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic
or mechanical, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or by any information storage or
retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publisher.
All rights reserved. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use, or the personal or inter-
nal use of specific clients, may be granted by CRC Press LLC, provided that $.50 per page photocopied is
paid directly to Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA01923 USA. The fee code
for users of the Transactional Reporting Service is ISBN 0-8493-9881-9/01/$0.00+$.50. The fee is subject
to change without notice. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a sep-
arate system of payment has been arranged.
The consent of CRC Press LLC does not extend to copying for general distribution, for promotion, for cre-
ating new works, or for resale. Specific permission must be obtained in writing from CRC Press LLC for
such copying.
Direct all inquiries to CRC Press LLC, 2000 N.W. Corporate Blvd., Boca Raton, Florida 33431.
Trademark Notice:Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used
only for identification and explanation, without intent to infringe.
© 2001 by CRC Press LLC
No claim to original U.S. Government works
International Standard Book Number 0-8493-9881-9
Library of Congress Card Number 00-052908
Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0
Printed on acid-free paper
1020003_CRC21_9881_FM 11/15/00 5:31 PM Page iii
Preface
This book is written for biologists interested in aquatic ecosystems who
would like to include the role of individual nutrients in their comprehensive
overview. It is only the beginning in the process of discovery of the impor-
tance of the role vitamin C plays in the “health” of natural and man-made
ecosystems. I have often been asked by otherwise experienced scientists,
who have taught many generations of students about nitrogen and phos-
phorus cycles, “Where do wild fish obtain their vitamin C?” Synthesis of
ascorbic acid in terrestrial plants is well understood, but algae as the only
source of ascorbate in the aquatic food pyramid has not been explored. The
origin of ascorbate in the animal kingdom has not been studied, and the pos-
sible role of the plant/animal symbiosis1to provide essential components, to
my knowledge, has been largely ignored. King2was probably the first who
asked an evolutionary question, “Does the loss of one or more genes that per-
mit biological systhesis of the antiscorbutic vitamin.... occur only once, or
more often in nature?” There is an expanding field of the culture of aquatic
organisms which demand feeds formulated to best meet their requirements
for health, growth, and reproduction. With over 100 species now cultured for
human consumption, the question arises as to whether we have reliable
information for the dietary needs for vitamin C for even a small percentage
of these organisms.
Ascorbic Acid in Aquatic Organismswas written as the offshoot of a special
session on aquatic organisms and practical aquaculture at the 1998 World
Aquaculture Society (WAS) meeting. At that time, the controversies sur-
rounding the definitive scientific information concerning the synthesis, pres-
ence, and role of ascorbic acid in fish and crustaceans reached their peak. The
intent of the meeting was to present critical “state-of-the-art” knowledge in
specific areas of vitamin C related to aquatic organisms. From the onset of the
project we were criticized for not including aquatic birds and mammals. I
hope that the content of this book will partly answer this criticism. We had a
lot of areas to cover, and a more comprehensive approach would probably
shift the balance. Therefore, this book is in many ways a “fishing expedition”
to the sea of vitamins.
1020003_CRC21_9881_FM 11/15/00 5:31 PM Page iv
Controversy brings attention, and the scientific community responds by
contributing proportionally more to the specific research area. According to
the Institute for Scientific Information (ISI)3records, the number of research
articles published under the key words “vitamin C and fish” averaged 1 to 3
annually in the 1980s, increased to 5 to 15 in the early 90s, and has been
steady in the last five years at 25 to 32 research articles per year.
Understandably, some contributions add fire to the controversy. By stating
that a review takes a critical approach, I expect the author to analyze scien-
tific results and follow a scientific argument to disprove rather than ignore a
theory. This is a more difficult task than producing a new hypothesis or new
results. It is for the reader to judge whether this has been accomplished.
This book answers whether the need for a critical review of vitamin C in
aquaculture. It provides evidence for establishing requirements for particu-
lar species and age classes, and questions the validity of some published
results because of inadequacy of analytical methods or experimental designs
(duration, diet formulations). The book is a combination of good nutrition
research and practical guidelines for modern aquaculture practitioners.
We also attempted to challenge researchers and identify new directions
in the areas of comparative physiology, subcellular and molecular biology,
and possibly aquatic ecology and related global environmental changes.
Those who will refer to this book as inspiration would be our dearest friends.
Konrad Dabrowski
1. Dykens, J. A. and Shick, J. M., Oxygen production by endosymbiotic algae
controls superoxide dismutase activity in their animal host, Nature,297, 259,
1982.
2. King, C. G., The discovery and chemistry of vitamin C, Proc. Nutr. Soc.,12, 219,
1953.
3. Institute for Scientific Information (www.isinet.com).
1020003_CRC21_9881_FM 11/15/00 5:31 PM Page v
Acknowledgments
The session organized during the WAS meeting was possible because of
funds made available by a grant from F. Hoffmann La Roche, Switzerland,
and particularly the effort of Stewart Anderson. We are grateful to many staff
members of the School of Natural Resources (The Ohio State University) for
their editorial and secretarial management. Thanks are due to Ms. Pat
Polczynski, Ms. Pat Patterson, Ms. Lorrie Schnitzspahn, and Ms. Kellie
DiFrischia.
My great thanks are specially due to Mr. John Sulzycki, who “coached”
me through the final stages of the book’s production process and without
whose persuasion, push, and “strong Polish vocabulary” (I guess only your
native language makes lasting impressions) this could have taken longer.
Konrad Dabrowski
October 2000
Columbus, OH

1020003_CRC21_9881_FM 11/15/00 5:32 PM Page vi
Contributors
Nina A˚kerblom Samuel P. Felton
Department of Zoophysiology School of Fisheries
Goteborg University University of Washington
Goteborg, Sweden Seattle, WA
Sungchul C. Bai Lars Förlin
Department of Aquaculture Swedish Salmon Research Institute
Pukyong National University Sweden
Pusan, Republic of South Korea
Jacques Gabaudan
Hans Börjeson Centre de Recherche en Nutrition
Swedish Salmon Research Institute Animale
Sweden Societe Chimique Roche S.A.
Saint-Louis Cedex, France
Malcolm R. Brown
CSIRO Division of Marine Research Marie F. Gouillou-Coustans
Tasmania, Australia Unite Mixte INRA
Fish Nutrition Laboratory
Gaetano Caricato Plouzane, France
Department of Animal Production
University of Basilicata Jane Loren Halver
Potenza, Italy Seattle, WA
Stefano Cecchini John E. Halver
Department of Animal Production School of Fisheries
University of Basilicata University of Washington
Potenza, Italy Seattle, WA
Konrad Dabrowski Kristin Hamre
School of Natural Resources Directorate of Fisheries
The Ohio State University Institute of Nutrition
Columbus, OH Bergen, Norway