Arun B. Mukherjee

35 Pages·2008·7.61 MB·English

Mercury emissions from industrial
sources in India
Arun B. Mukherjee1, Prosun Bhattacharya2, Atanu Sarkar3 and Ron
Zevenhoven4
1Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Finland.
E-mail: [email protected]
2KTH-International Groundwater Research Group, Department of Land
and Water Resources Engineering, Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100
44 Stockholm, Sweden
3Dept of Policy Studies, TERI University, The Energy and Resources
Institute, India Habitat Centre, Lodhi Road, New Delhi 110003, India
4Heat Engineering Laboratory, Faculty of Technology, Åbo Akademi
University, FIN-20500 Turku/Åbo, Finland
Purpose of the study
 To find out source categories of mercury
emissions from industrial sources in India;
 To estimate mercury emissions from industrial
sources;
 Effects of mercury in the aquatic species in the
river Ganges;
 Mercury concentration in the industrial areas;
 Conclusion and Future direction.
Acknowledgements
 I thank Dr. Nicola Pirrone, CNR Institute for
Atmospheric Pollution, Rende, and the Italian Ministry
of Environment, Land & Sea for giving me the
opportunity to attend the UNEP F&T-TF HTAP meeting
in Rome.
 I also thank my co-author, Dr. Atanu Sarkar, The
Energy & Resources Institute (TERI); New Delhi for
collection of data from different sources and forwarding
the same to me in Helsinki.
Sources and mercury estimation
procedure
 Sources:
 Coal combustion;
 Iron & Steel Industry;
 Non-ferrous metallurgical industry (Cu, Pb and Zn);
 Chlor-alkali plants:
 Cement industry;
 Wastes (MSW, Hazardous wastes & E-waste)
 Others (Brick manufacturing, instruments & clinical
thermometers)
 Hg-estimations procedure: Published EF and
estimation.
Coal mining area
= 855 km2
Coal mines
= 572
Production
= 373 Mt in 2004
Coal mining information
 India is the third hard coal producer in the
world after PR China and the USA;
 There are 170 opencast mines; 359
underground and 33 mixed mines;
 About 70% of the heat and electricity
production in India depends on indigenous
coals.
 About 41 Mt of coking coals were imported in
2005.
Figure 1. Chemistry of wet
deposition of mercury
(reproduced
from Lindqvist et al., 1991)
Table 1. Production of coal, metals, residue fuel oil,
cement in India, 2000-2004 (Mt) (USGS 2005).
Element 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Copper, Cu 0.256 0.293 0.385 0.391 0.401
1
Sec. 0.007
Copper#
Lead, Pb 0.057 0.074 0.064 0.078 0.042
Sec. Pb# 0.040-
2
0.050
Zinc, Zn 0.176 0.207 0.232 0.254 0.238
2
Sec. Zn# 0.065e
Pig Iron, 0.021 0.022 0.024 0.024 0.025
Fe
Raw Steel 0.027 0.027 0.029 0.032 0.032
Hard coal 310 312.5 333.7 340e 373

Residue 7.965 8.308 7.855 6.905 7.267
fuel oil
3
production
Cement 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.11 0.11e

e = Estimated value

1Indian Copper Development Center, Kolkata (2007)
2Indian Lead Zinc Dev Association, Delhi (2007); Note: The authority mentioned that production of
secondary lead varies between 40000 to 50000 in a year
3IEA (2007);
#Secondary metal production for 2004
Table 2. Leading Hg users in India (1998 –
2001)
Sector Mercury content per unit Number of units Total mercury (in
produced tons)
Chlor-alkali About 200 g Hg used per 450,000 70
ton of Cl produced.
2
2
Thermometers 0.6 – 1.0 g 8957,000 7.2
Batteries *Alkaline not more than NA
25 mg
3
Hg-Zinc Total 33 to 50 per cent 1,650 million 25
by wt of the battery
Zn-Carbon Total 1% Hg by wt of the NA
battery
6 3
Fluorescent 0.0252 – 0.080 g/lamp 150 million 7.89
lamps
4
Thermostat 3 – 6 g 4051,000 18.23
switches
2
Alarm clocks Average 0.6 – 0.7 g/unit 1481,000 0.96
3
Hearing aids 0.4 g/unit 95,500 0.04
Table 4. Samples collected from
eight coal based power plants in
India
(BHEL, 2004 vide Pande, 2006
 Names of power plants Hg in coal mg/kg
 GHTTP, Lehra, Mohabatt 0.26
 Anpara, UP (BTPS) 0.26
 North Chennai 0.33
 NLC – TPS II 0.18
 Chandrapura STPS 0.325
 Kolaghat TPS (West Bengal) 0.61
 Talchar TPS 0.33
 Gandhinagar TPS 0.42
 Range/Mean Range: 0.18 – 0.61; mean:
0.376