Table Of ContentTHE GREAT FRENCH CLASSIC ON ARTISTIC ANATOMY
AVAILABLE FOR THE FIRST TIME IN PAPERBACK
BY
Dr. Paul Richer
Professor of Anatomy at the Ecole des Beaux-Arts
and the Academy of Medicine, Paris
TRANSLATED AND EDITED BY
Robert Beverly Hale
Instructor of Drawing and Lecturer on Anatomy
at the Art Students League, New Y)rk
Adjunct Professor of Drawing at Columbia University
Curator Emeritus of American Paintings
at The Metropolitan Museum of Art
ARTISTIC ANATOMY
BY
De Paul Richer
Professor of Anatomy at the Ecole des Beaux-Arts
and the Academy of Medicine, Paris
TRANSLATED AND EDITED BY
Robert Beverly Hale
Instructor of Drawing and Lecturer on Anatomy
at the Art Students League, NewY>rk
Adjunct Professor of Drawing at Columbia University
Curator Emeritus of American Paintings
at The Metropolitan Museum of Art
WATSON-GUPTILL PUBLICATIONS/NEW YORK
PITMAN PUBLISHING/LONDON
Paperback edition 1986
Copyright © 1971 by Watson-Guptill Publications
First published 1971 in the United States and Canada
by Watson-Guptill Publications, a division of VNU Business Media Inc
770 Broadway, New York, NY 10003
www.wgpub.com
Distributed in the United Kingdom by Phaidon Press Ltd.,
Littlegate House, St. Ebbe’s St., Oxford
Library of Congress Catalog Number: 73-146794
ISBN 0-8230-0297-7
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be
reproduced or used in any form or by any means—graphic,
electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording,
taping, or information storage and retrieval systems—without
written permission of the publisher.
Manufactured in the U.S.A.
15 16 17 18 / 08 07 06 05
Contents
INTRODUCTION, 11 4. THORAX, 29
PREFACE, 13
Sternum, 29
Ribs, 29
Part One: Anatomy, 17-81
General Characteristics of the Ribs, 29
Particular Characteristics of Certain Ribs, 30
Articulations of the Thorax, 30
1. OSTEOLOGY AND ARTHROLOGY, 19
The Thorax in General, 30
Classification of Bones, 19 Anterior Aspect, 30
Substance of Bones, 19 Posterior Aspect, 30
Articulation of Bones, 19 Lateral Aspect, 30
Ossification of Bones, 20 Mechanism of the Thorax, 31
Influence of Bones on Form, 20 Shoulder, 31
Clavicle, 31
Scapula, 31
2. THE SKELETON OF THE HEAD, 21
Articulations of the Clavicle, 32
Cranium and Upper Part of the Face, 21
Sternoclavicular Articulation, 32
Anterior Aspect, 21
Acromioclavicular articulation, 32
Posterior Aspect, 22
Skeleton of the Shoulders in General, 32
Lateral Aspect, 22
Mechanism of the Articulation of
Inferior Aspect, 22
the Clavicle and Scapula, 32
Superior Aspect, 23
Pelvis, 32
Mandible, 23
Hip Bone, 32
Temperomandibular Articulation, 23
Articulations and Ligaments of the Pelvis, 33
The Pelvis as a Whole, 33
Skeleton of the Trunk in General:
3. THE SKELETON OF THE TRUNK, 24
Its influence on Exterior Form, 34
Vertebral Column, 24
True Vertebrae, 24
Characteristics Common to All Vertebrae, 24
Distinctive Characteristics of Vertebrae, 24
5. THE SKELETON OF THE UPPER LIMB, 36
Cervical Vertebrae, 24
Bone of the Upper Arm: Humerus, 36
Dorsal Vertebrae, 24
Bones of the Forearm: Ulna, 36
Lumbar Vertebrae, 24
Special Characteristics of Particular Vertebrae, 25 Bones of the Forearm: Radius, 37
Bones of the Hand, 37
First Cervical Vertebra or Atlas, 25
Second Cervical Vertebra or Axis, 25 Carpus, 37
Sacral Vertebrae, or Sacrum, 25 Metacarpus, 37
Phalanges, 37
Coccyx, 25
Articulations of the True Vertebrae, 25 Articulation of the Shoulder, 38
Articulations of the False Vertebrae, 26 Articulation of the Bones of the Forearm, 38
Articulations of the Atlas, the Axis, Articulation of the Elbow, 38
and the Occipital, 26 Articulation of the Wrist and Hand, 38
On the Vertebral Column in General, 26 Skeleton of the Arm in General:
Mechanism of the Vertebral Column, 27 Its Influence on Exterior Form, 39
CONTENTS K
Transversospinal Muscles, 53
6. THE SKELETON OF THE LOWER LIMB, 41
Rectus Capitis Posterior Major, 53
Bone of the Thigh: Femur, 41
Rectus Capitis Posterior Minor, 53
Bones of the Lower Leg: Tibia, 41
Obliquus Capitis Inferior, 53
Bones of the Lower Leg: Fibula, 41
Obliquus Capitis Superior, 53
Patella, 41
Rectus Capitis Lateralis, 53
Bones of the Foot, 41
Longus Capitis, 53
Tarsus, 41
Semispinalis Capitis, 54
Metatarsus, 42
Longissimus Capitis, 54
Phalanges, 42
Splenius Capitis and Splenius Cervicis, 54
Articulations of the Hip, 42
Sacrospinalis, 54
Articulations of the Knee, 43
Serratus Posterior Superior, 55
Articulation of the Tibia and Fibula, 44
Serratus Posterior Inferior, 55
Articulation of the Ankle Joint, 44
Rhomboideus, 55
Articulations of the Foot, 45
Levator Scapulae, 55
Skeleton of the Lower Limb in General:
Latissimus Dorsi, 55
Its Influence on Exterior Form, 46
Trapezius, 56
Anterolateral Cervical Region, 56
7. MYOLOGY, 47
Deep Layer, 56
Composition of Muscles, 47 Longus Colli, 56
Disposition of Muscle Fibers, 47 Scalenus Anterior, 57
Fascia, 48 Scalenus Posterior, 57
Muscular Contraction, 48 Middle Layer, 57
Muscular Force, 48 Suprahyoid Muscles, 57
Muscle Groups, 49 Geniohyoideus, 57
Antagonistic Action of Muscles, 49 Mylohyoideus, 57
Relationship of Muscles to Exterior Form, 49 Infrahyoid Muscles, 57
Sternothyroideus, 57
Thyrohyoideus, 57
8. MUSCLES OF THE HEAD, 50
Omohyoideus, 57
Epicranial Muscles, 50
Superficial Layer, 57
Frontalis, 50
Sternocleidomastoideus, 57
Occipitalis, 50
Platysma, 58
Auricularis, 50
Muscles of the Chest: Intercostalis, 58
Muscles of the Face, 50
Anterior and Lateral Regions of the Chest, 58
Corrugator, 50
Subclavius, 58
Orbicularis Palpebrarum, 50
Pectoralis Minor, 58
Procerus, 51
Pectoralis Major, 58
Nasilis, 51
Serratus Anterior, 59
Depressor Septi, 51
Muscles of the Shoulder, 59
Dilator Naris, 51
Subscapularis, 59
Caninus, 51
Supraspinatus, 59
Levator Labii Superioris Alaeque Nasi, 51
Infraspinatus, 59
Levator Labii Superioris, 51
Teres Minor, 59
Zygomaticus Minor, 51
Teres Major, 59
Zygomaticus Major, 51
Deltoideus, 60
Orbicularis Oris, 51
Muscles of the Abdomen, 60
Buccinator, 51
Quadratus Lumborum, 60
Depressor Labii Inferioris, 51
Diaphragm, 60
Depressor Anguli Oris, 52
Anterior Region, 60
Mentalis, 52
Rectus Abdominis, 60
Muscles of the Jaw, 52
Pyramidalis, 61
Masseter, 52
Lateral Region, 61
Temporalis, 52
Transversus Abdominis, 61
Obliquus Internus Abdominis, 61
9. MUSCLES OF THE TRUNK AND NECK, 53 Obliquus Externus Abdominis, 61
Muscles of the Pelvis, 61
Posterior Region, 53
6 ARTISTIC ANATOMY
Deep Muscles, 62 11. MUSCLES OF THE LOWER LIMB, 70
Psoas Major, Psoas Minor and Iliacus, 63
Muscles of the Thigh, 70
Piriformis, 63
Anterolateral Group, 70
Obturator Internus and Gemelli, 63
Quadriceps Femoris, 70
Quadratus Femoris, 63
Tensor Fasciae Latae, 71
Obturator Externus, 63
Sartorius, 71
Middle Layer, 63
Internal Group, 71
Gluteus Minimus, 63
Adductor Muscles, 71
Gluteus Médius, 63
Gracilis, 71
Gluteus Maximus, 63
Posterior Group, 71
Biceps Femoris, 72
Semimembranosus, 72
Semitendinosus, 72
Muscles of the Lower Leg, 72
10. MUSCLES OF THE UPPER LIMB, 64
Anteroexternal Region, 72
Muscles of the Upper Arm, 64
Extensor Hallucis Longus, 72
Coracobrachialis, 64
Extensor Digitorum Longus, 72
Brachialis, 64
Tibialis Anterior, 72
Biceps Brachii, 64
Peroneus Brevis, 73
Triceps Brachii, 65
Peroneus Longus, 73
Muscles of the Forearm, 65
Posterior Region, 73
Anteroexternal Region, 65
Deep Layer, 73
Deep Layer, 65
Popliteus, 73
Supinator, 65
Tibialis Posterior, 73
Pronator Quadratus, 65
Flexor Digitorum Longus, 73
Middle Layer, 65
Flexor Hallucis Longus, 73
Flexor Digitorum Profundus, Flexor Pollicis Longus, 65
Superficial Layer, 73
Flexor Digitorum Superficialis, 66
Plantaris, Soleus and Gastrocnemius, 73
Anterior Superficial Layer, 66
Muscles of the Foot, 74
Pronator Teres, 66
Dorsal Region, 74
Flexor Carpi Radialis, 66
Extensor Digitorum Brevis, 74
Palmaris Longus, 66
Plantar Region, 74
Flexor Carpi Ulnaris, 66
Middle Region, 74
External Superficial Layer, 66
Interossei, 74
Brachioradialis, 66
Adductor Hallucis, 74
Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus, 67
Lumbricales, 74
Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis, 67
Quadratus Plantae, 74
Muscles of the Posterior Region, 67
Flexor Digitorum Brevis, 74
Deep Layer, 67
Internal Region, 75
Abductor Pollicis Longus, 67
Flexor Hallucis Brevis, 75
Extensor Pollicis Brevis, 67
Abductor Hallucis, 75
Extensor Pollicis Longus, 67
External Region, 75
Superficial Layer, 67
Flexor Digiti Minimi Brevis, 75
Extensor Digitorum, 67
Abductor Digiti Minimi, 75
Extensor Digiti Minimi, 68
Extensor Carpi Ulnaris, 68
12. VEINS, 76
Anconeus, 68
Muscles of the Hand, 68 General Observations, 76
Middle Region, 68 External Jugular Vein, 76
Interossei Dorsales and Interossei Palmares, 68 Superficial Epigastric Vein, 76
Lumbricales, 68 Superficial Veins, 76
Muscles of the Thenar Eminence, 68 Veins of the Lower Limb, 76
Adductor Pollicis, 69
Opponens Pollicis, 69
13. SKIN AND FATTY TISSUES, 78
Flexor Pollicis Brevis, 69
Fatty Tissue, 78
Abductor Pollicis Brevis, 69
Muscles of the Hypothenar Eminence, 69 Panniculus Adiposus, 78
Fatty Tissue of Interposition, 80 Movements of the Trunk, 106
Skin, 80 Articular Mechanism, 106
Muscular Action, 107
Exterior Form during Movements of the Trunk, 107
Part Two: Morphology, 83-135
16. EXTERIOR FORM OF THE UPPER LIMB, 110
Shoulder, 110
Upper Arm, 110
14. EXTERIOR FORM OF THE HEAD AND NECK, 85
Elbow, 110
Forehead, 85
Bend of Arm, 110
Eye, 85
Posterior Part of the Bend of the Arm, 111
Nose, 86
Forearm, 111
Mouth, 86
Wrist, 112
Chin, 87
Hand, 113
Temple, 87
Rotation of the Arm, 114 ,
Cheek, 87
Muscular Action, 115
Ear, 87
Modification of Exterior Form, 115
Exterior Forms of the Neck, 88
Movements of the Elbow, 115
Anterior Region of the Neck and Throat, 88
Muscular Action, 116
Surface of the Sternocleidomastoideus, 88
Modification of Exterior Form, 116
Posterior Region of the Neck, 88
Movements of the Hand, 116
Posterior Triangle of the Neck, 89
Muscular Action, 116
Movements of the Head and Neck, 89
Modification of Exterior Form, 116
Articular Mechanism, 89
Movements of the Fingers, 117
Muscular Action, 90
Modification of Exterior Form, 117
Modifications of Exterior Form:
Movements of the Neck, 90
17. EXTERIOR FORM OF THE LOWER LIMB, 118
15. EXTERIOR FORM OF THE TRUNK, 92 Thigh, 118
Knee, 118
Chest, 93
Lower Leg, 123
Sternal Region, 93
Ankle, 123
Mammary Region, 93
Foot, 124
Inframammary Region, 94
Movements of the Hip, 125
Back, 95
Muscular Action, 125
Spinal Region, 96
Modification of Exterior Form, 125
Scapular Region, 96
Movements of the Knee, 127
Infrascapular Region, 97
Muscular Action, 127
Abdomen, 97
Modification of Exterior Form, 127
Belly, 97
Movements of the Foot, 127
Loins, 98
Muscular Action, 128
Flank, 98
Modification of Exterior Form, 128
Pelvis, 100
Movements of the Toes, 128
Pubic Region, 100
Groin, 100
Buttocks, 101
18. PROPORTIONS, 129
Movements of the Shoulder, 102
Canons of Proportion, 129
Articular Mechanism, 102
Cousin’s Canon of Proportions, 130
Muscular Action, 103
Gerdy’s Canon of Proportions, 131
Normal Position of the Scapula, 103
The Canon des Ateliers, 131
Exterior Form of the Trunk
Artistic Canons in General, 131
during Movements of the Shoulder, 103
Anthropology and Human Porportions, 131
Movements of the Arm, 104
Richer: Canon of Proportions, 132
Mechanism and Muscular Action, 104
Exterior Form of the Trunk
during Movements of the Arm, 105 PLATES, 137
Arm pit, 106
INDEX, 251
8 ARTISTIC ANATOMY
