Artificial Photosynthesis

253 Pages·2016·13.1 MB·English

by  Bruno Robert (Eds.)

VOLUMESEVENTYNINE
A
DVANCES IN
BOTANICAL RESEARCH
Artificial Photosynthesis
ADVANCES IN BOTANICAL RESEARCH
Series Editors
Jean-PierreJacquot
Professor,MembredeL’InstitutUniversitairedeFrance,UnitéMixtedeRecherche
INRA,UHP1136“InteractionArbresMicroorganismes”,UniversitédeLorraine,
FacultédesSciences,Vandoeuvre,France
PierreGadal
HonoraryProfessor,UniversitéParis-SudXI,InstitutBiologiedesPlantes,Orsay,France
VOLUME SEVENTY NINE
A
DVANCES IN
BOTANICAL RESEARCH
Artificial Photosynthesis
Volume Editor
BRUNO ROBERT
Institut de Biologie et de Technologies de Saclay, CEA, UMR
8221 CNRS, Université Paris Sud, CEA Saclay, Paris, France
AMSTERDAM(cid:129)BOSTON(cid:129)HEIDELBERG(cid:129)LONDON
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CONTRIBUTORS
D.Abramavicius
VilniusUniversity,Vilnius,Lithuania
V.Artero
UniversityofGrenobleAlpes,Grenoble,France;CNRS,LCBMandSPrAM,Grenoble,
France;CEA,BIG/CBMandINAC-SPrAM,Grenoble,France
A.Aukauloo
InstitutdeChimieMoléculaireetdesMatériauxd’Orsay,UMR-CNRS8182,Université
Paris-SudXI,Orsay,France;ServicedeBioénergétique,BiologieStructuraleetMécanismes
(SB SM),CEA,iBiTec-S;BiochimieBiophysiqueetBiologieStructurale(B S),I BC,
2 3 2
Gif-sur-Yvette,France
F.Chandezon
UniversityofGrenobleAlpes,Grenoble,France;CNRS,LCBMandSPrAM,Grenoble,
France;CEA,BIG/CBMandINAC-SPrAM,Grenoble,France
Q.Chen
UniversityofAmsterdam,Amsterdam,TheNetherlands
D.T.Co
NorthwesternUniversity,Evanston,IL,UnitedStates
B.Dietzek
LeibnizInstituteofPhotonicTechnology,Jena,Germany
S.Fiechter
Helmholtz-ZentrumBerlinfu€rMaterialienundEnergieGmbH,Berlin,Germany
R.vanGrondelle
VrijeUniversiteit,Amsterdam,TheNetherlands
D.Gust
ArizonaStateUniversity,Tempe,AZ,UnitedStates
K.J.Hellingwerf
UniversityofAmsterdam,Amsterdam,TheNetherlands
J.T.M.Kennis
VrijeUniversiteit,Amsterdam,TheNetherlands
W.Leibl
ServicedeBioénergétique,BiologieStructuraleetMécanismes(SB SM),CEA,iBiTec-S;
2
BiochimieBiophysiqueetBiologieStructurale(B S),I BC,Gif-sur-Yvette,France
3 2
D.Montesarchio
UniversityofAmsterdam,Amsterdam,TheNetherlands
j
ix
x Contributors
A.L.Moore
ArizonaStateUniversity,Tempe,AZ,UnitedStates
T.A.Moore
ArizonaStateUniversity,Tempe,AZ,UnitedStates
S.Pillai
ArizonaStateUniversity,Tempe,AZ,UnitedStates
J.Ravensbergen
VrijeUniversiteit,Amsterdam,TheNetherlands
J.J.Snellenburg
VrijeUniversiteit,Amsterdam,TheNetherlands
I.H.M.vanStokkum
VrijeUniversiteit,Amsterdam,TheNetherlands
L.Valkunas
VilniusUniversity,Vilnius,Lithuania;CenterforPhysicalSciencesandTechnology,Vilnius,
Lithuania
FOREWORD
What is the aim of this book ?
For more than two centuries, we have had access to cheap, abundant,
energy through coal, then through petroleum, and for long the only
concern about the use of fossil energies was the pollution they induced
and the fact that they would come to an end. In ‘The Limits of Growth’,
report from the Club of Rome written in 1972, where the future
challenges of mankind for the next centuries were addressed in detail,
although the exponential increase of CO concentration in the Earth’s
2
atmosphere was discussed, the potential effects on the planet climate of
the human activity were just very briefly mentioned. The effect of human
activity on Earth’s global climate became a public issue only in the late
1980s, leading to the creation of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change (IPCC). It became clearer and clearer since that one of the major
challengeshumanityhastofaceatshorttermistheprogressiveglobalwarm-
ing of the planet induced by the increase of CO in the atmosphere and its
2
potential devastating consequences. Curiously, the relationship between
CO concentration and the temperatures at the surface of the planet has
2
been addressed as soon as at the end of the 19th century by Arrhenius, in
aquitedetailedway,butittooknearlyacenturyforthedriftofmeantem-
peraturetobecomeclearenoughtobewidelyrecognized.Ifnowadays,still
a few voices contest the global warming, every year the measured planet
temperatures confirm it as an evidence.
WepresentlyfacetheabsoluteconstraintoflimitingtheamountofCO
2
we emit in the atmosphere, and still a sizeable fraction of the human pop-
ulation has no or limited access to energy. The most optimistic estimations
predict mankind to need about 30 TW per year in 2050, ie, twice more as
weusenow.Inthepresentstateoftechnology,theonlywaytoachievesuch
anenergyproductionwithoutgivingrisetoamajorclimaticcatastropheisto
learn how to use solar energy. The solar energy reaching the surface of the
Earthisvirtuallyunlimitedascomparedtohumanneedsforenergy.Thanks
to photovoltaics we are able to transform it into electricity with increasing
yields; however, we are not able yet to store this electricity into a stable
formwithhighefficiency.Plantsandmoregenerallyphotosyntheticorgan-
isms have transformed directly solar energy into biomass for billion years,
j
xi
xii Foreword
and they store every year about twice what mankind will need in 2050.
Among the most promising approaches to solve the forthcoming energy
crisis, one is to develop devices which would, as photosynthetic organisms
do,directlytransformthesolarenergyintofuels.Thisiswhatiscalled‘arti-
ficial photosynthesis’.
Artificial photosynthesis can be achieved in a number of ways, from
improving natural photosynthesis to solid-state approaches, covers a wide
range of scientific fields involves theoretical as well as experimental work.
The aim of this book is to summarize the different aspects of the artificial
photosynthesis field, which, I strongly believe, will become one of the
essential keys for the future of energy.
CHAPTERONE
fi
An Illustrative History of Arti cial
Photosynthesis
D. Gust
ArizonaStateUniversity,Tempe,AZ,UnitedStates
E-mail:[email protected]
Contents
1. Introduction 2
1.1 WhatisArtificialPhotosynthesis? 2
1.2 WhyisArtificialPhotosynthesisImportant? 3
2. EarlyMusingsandPromisingFindings 4
3. TheBeginningsofModernArtificialPhotosynthesis:DonoreAcceptorDyads 5
3.1 PorphyrineQuinoneDyadArtificialReactionCentres 6
3.2 PorphyrineFullereneDyadArtificialReactionCentres 9
4. MoreComplexArtificialReactionCentres 11
4.1 TriadMolecules 12
4.2 MoreComplexAssemblies 13
4.2.1 Quinone-BasedArtificialReactionCentres 13
4.2.2 Fullerene-BasedArtificialReactionCentres 15
5. MetalComplexeBasedArtificialReactionCentres 18
6. ArtificialAntennas 20
6.1 Porphyrin-BasedArtificialAntennas 20
6.2 Carotenoid-BasedArtificialAntennas 23
7. Photoprotection 25
7.1 CarotenoidPhotoprotectionAgainstSingletOxygen 26
7.2 Light-DependentRegulationoftheArtificialPhotosyntheticProcess 28
8. HarvestingtheEnergyofChargeSeparationeSolarFuelProduction 30
8.1 ATP,aBiologicalFuel 31
8.2 ProductionofTechnologicallyUsefulFuels 33
9. Conclusions 36
References 37
Abstract
This chapter presents a brief history of molecule-based artificial photosynthesis
research. The emphasis is on early work on the subject beginning in the late 1970s,
but the evolution of the field up through the present day is discussed. The main
subjectscoveredareartificialreactioncentresandphotoinducedelectrontransfer,arti-
ficial photosynthetic antennas, mimicry of photosynthetic photoprotection and
AdvancesinBotanicalResearch,Volume79
ISSN0065-2296 ©2016ElsevierLtd. j
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/bs.abr.2016.02.004 Allrightsreserved. 1
2 D.Gust
photoregulation andtheconstruction ofsystems thatcouple theseprocesses tothe
productionoffuels.
1. INTRODUCTION
Thischapterisanoverviewofthedevelopmentofthescienceofarti-
ficialphotosynthesiswithanemphasisonthebeginningsofthefield.Thisis
notareviewarticle:thepresentationwillbebriefandnecessarilyillustrative,
ratherthancomprehensive.Manyoftheexamplespresentedherethattypify
the various stages of development of the field are drawn from my research
withmycolleaguesProfessorsThomasA.MooreandAnaL.MooreatAri-
zonaStateUniversity,buttheworkofotherinvestigatorswouldservejustas
wellinmanycases.Keepinmindthefollowingcommentfromthehistorian
Eugen Weber: ‘If cats could write history, their history would be mostly
about cats’ (Weber, 1989).
1.1 What is Artificial Photosynthesis?
Artificial photosynthesis has been characterized in many different ways,
with the definition depending on the experience, predilections and
motivesofthedefiner.Becausenaturalphotosynthesisisbasicallyaprocess
for converting sunlight into other, more useful forms of energy, artificial
photosynthesis is sometimes taken to be anything that carries out a similar
function, whether the product be electricity or a fuel, whether the
materials be extended solids or molecular, and whether these materials
include organic or inorganic molecules or metaleorganic complexes. For
the purposes of this brief history, we will define artificial photosynthesis
relatively narrowly.
Natural photosynthesis converts sunlight into electrochemical potential
energy and uses this energy to create fuels such as carbohydrate, lipids or
even hydrogen gas. The components of the system are (bio)organic mole-
cules and metaleorganic complexes, and the process is photochemical.
Here, we define artificial photosynthetic systems similarly: photochemical
systemsthatuseatleastsomeorganicormetaleorganicmolecularmaterials
toharvestsunlightandconvertittoelectrochemicalpotential,withanulti-
mate goal of fuel production. This definition restricts our discussion to a
manageable subset of results.