Articulation and Phonological Disorders: Speech Sound Disorders in Children

394 Pages·2016·8.93 MB·English

by  John E. Bernthal

Articulation and
Phonological Disorders
Speech Sound Disorders
in Children
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Eighth Edition
Articulation and
Phonological Disorders
Speech Sound Disorders
in Children
John E. BErnthal
University of Nebraska–Lincoln
nicholas W. Bankson
James Madison University
PEtEr FliPsEn Jr.
Pacific University, Oregon
Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Bernthal, John E., author. | Bankson, Nicholas W., author. | Flipsen, Peter, Jr., author.
Title: Articulation and phonological disorders : speech sound disorders in children / John E. Bernthal,
University of Nebraska/Lincoln, Nicholas W. Bankson, James Madison University, Peter Flipsen Jr.,
Pacific University, Oregon.
Description: Eighth edition. | Boston : Pearson, 2016. | Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2016006776| ISBN 9780134170718 (alk. paper) | ISBN 0134170717 (alk. paper)
Subjects: LCSH: Articulation disorders.
Classification: LCC RC424.7 .B47 2016 | DDC 616.85/5—dc23 LC record available at
http://lccn.loc.gov/2016006776
ISBN 10: 0-13-417071-7
ISBN 13: 978-0-13-417071-8
eText
ISBN 10: 0-13-417083-0
ISBN 13: 978-0-13-417083-1
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Contents
Preface ix
1
introduction to the study of speech sound Disorders 1
by Nicholas W. Bankson, John E. Bernthal, and Peter Flipsen Jr.
An Evolving Area of Practice 1
A Working Framework 2
The Scope of the Problem 3
The Cause of the Problem 4
The Importance of the Problem 5
Approaching the Problem with Evidence 5
2
normal aspects of articulation 7
by Ray Kent
Structure of Language 7
Fundamentals of Articulatory Phonetics 11
Coarticulation: Interactions Among Sounds in Context 36
Aerodynamic Considerations in Speech Production 40
Acoustic Considerations of Speech 42
Sensory Information in Speech Production 44
Summary of Levels of Organization of Speech 44
Concluding Note on Implications for Speech Acquisition 46
Questions for Chapter 2 48
3
speech sound acquisition 49
by Sharynne McLeod
Relevance of Understanding Typical Speech Sound Acquisition for SLPS 49
Models of Speech Acquisition 50
How Speech Acquisition Data Are Obtained 59
Overall Sequence of Speech Sound Acquisition 64
Phase 1: Laying the Foundations for Speech 65
Phase 2: Transitioning from Words to Speech 70
Phase 3: The Growth of the Inventory 72
Phase 4: Mastery of Speech and Literacy 87
Factors Influencing Typical Acquisition of Speech 89
Conclusion: Understanding and Applying Typical Speech Acquisition 91
Questions for Chapter 3 92
v
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vi Contents
4
Factors related to speech sound Disorders 93
by Peter Flipsen Jr., Nicholas W. Bankson, and John E. Bernthal
Structure and Function of the Speech and Hearing Mechanism 93
Motor Abilities 105
Cognitive-Linguistic Factors 111
Psychosocial Factors 116
Conclusion 121
Questions for Chapter 4 122
5
classification and comorbidity in speech sound Disorders 123
by Peter Flipsen Jr., John E. Bernthal, and Nicholas W. Bankson
Organically Based Speech Sound Disorders 123
Childhood Apraxia of Speech 132
Speech Sound Disorders of Unknown Origin 136
Comorbidity 144
Conclusion 149
Questions for Chapter 5 149
6
assessment: Data collection 150
by Nicholas W. Bankson, John E. Bernthal, and Peter Flipsen Jr.
Speech Sound Sampling 150
Screening for Speech Sound Disorders 151
Comprehensive Speech Sound Assessment: The Assessment Battery 153
Assessment in Very Young Children 166
Related Assessment Procedures 168
Conclusion 175
Questions for Chapter 6 175
7
assessment: Decision Making 176
by John E. Bernthal, Nicholas W. Bankson, and Peter Flipsen Jr.
Case Selection 176
The Nature of the Problem 188
Target Selection 190
Other Factors to Consider in Intervention Decisions 194
Computer-Assisted Phonological Analysis 195
Case Study: Assessment Data 196
Conclusion 200
Questions for Chapter 7 200
8
the Basics of remediation and Evidence-Based Practice 201
by Nicholas W. Bankson, John E. Bernthal, and Peter Flipsen Jr.
Basic Remediation Considerations 201
Facilitating Generalization 206
Dismissal from Instruction 213
Some Basics of Evidence-Based Practice 215
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Contents vii
Conclusion 222
Questions for Chapter 8 222
9
Motor-Based treatment approaches 223
by Peter Flipsen Jr., John E. Bernthal, and Nicholas W. Bankson
Approaches to Intervention 223
Treatment Continuum 224
Motor Learning Principles 225
Optimizing Learning: The Challenge Point Framework 227
Teaching Sounds/Establishment 228
Beyond Individual Sounds 235
Core Vocabulary Approach 242
The Use of Nonspeech Oral-Motor Activities 243
Childhood Apraxia of Speech 244
Treating Older Children and Adolescents 252
Case Study Revisited: Motor Perspective 257
Questions for Chapter 9 258
10
linguistically Based treatment approaches 259
by Peter Flipsen Jr., Nicholas W. Bankson, and John E. Bernthal
Minimal Pair Contrast Therapy 260
Cycles Phonological Pattern Approach (CPPA) 266
Broader-Based Language Approaches 269
Remediation Guidelines for Linguistically Based Approaches 273
Case Study Revisited: Linguistic Perspective 274
Questions for Chapter 10 276
11
language and Dialectal Variations 277
by Brian A. Goldstein and Aquiles Iglesias
Dialect 277
Characteristics of American English Dialects 279
Phonology in Speakers of Language Varieties Other Than English 285
Phonological Development in Bilingual Children 292
Assessment Considerations for Children from Culturally and Linguistically
Diverse Populations 294
Intervention for Speech Sound Disorders in Children from Culturally and
Linguistically Diverse Populations 296
Summary 299
Questions for Chapter 11 300
12
Phonological awareness: Description, assessment, and
intervention 302
by Brigid C. McNeill, Laura M. Justice, Gail T. Gillon, and C. Melanie Schuele
What Is Phonological Awareness? 302
Phonological Awareness as Literacy Development 304
The Development of Phonological Awareness 305
Phonological Awareness Development and Reading 307
Phonological Awareness and Speech Sound Disorders 309
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viii Contents
The Role of the Speech-Language Pathologist 311
Assessment 312
Intervention 316
Phonological Awareness Experiences for Preschool Children 319
Promoting Phonological Awareness in School-Age Children with Speech
Sound Disorders 320
Questions for Chapter 12 324
appendix a: Procedures for teaching sounds 325
appendix B: activities for Facilitating Phonemic awareness in
school-aged children 329
appendix c: accent Modification 331
references 334
index 369
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Preface
We are pleased to share with you the eighth edition of our speech sound disorders textbook.
We continue to hear that this text is regarded as a “classic” tool for providing clinicians with
an expansive knowledge base in the area of speech sound disorders. The first edition was pub-
lished in 1981, and since then it has been utilized as a college textbook and resource by many
aspiring and practicing speech-language pathologists. As in previous editions, we continue to
endeavor to provide a comprehensive and timely summary of the literature in the area of speech
sound disorders. There is no doubt that certain information and knowledge are retained over the
years. However, there also continue to be changes and developments in contemporary clinical
practice that we seek to incorporate in each new edition, including this eighth edition. We are
pleased to share with you our reader what we hope will be a useful resource in your profes-
sional library.
nEW to this EDition
In this eighth edition, we have retained the overall organization of information from the previous
edition, but we have also:
1. Reordered the background material in Chapters 4 and 5 so that the historical search for
factors related to speech sound disorders is placed before the discussion of classification.
2. Added an expanded discussion in Chapter 9 of principles of learning that underlie motor
approaches to speech sound intervention. This includes a discussion of the challenge point
framework for maximizing treatment efficiency.
3. Expanded our discussion of evidence-based practice and consolidated that material into
the end of Chapter 8.
4. Greatly updated and expanded the information related to childhood apraxia of speech both
in terms of our understanding of the disorder itself (in Chapter 5) and the assessment and
treatment of this challenging disorder (in Chapter 9).
5. Added more discussion of the most recent studies related to treatment using both motor
and linguistic treatment methodologies.
6. Provided a new section on treating older children and adolescents. Included in this section
is a newly organized presentation on instrumental applications for motor approaches to
speech sound correction
7. Added a new appendix related to accent modification.
As with previous editions, in all chapters, we and our guest authors have attempted to syn-
thesize the most up-to-date research and literature in the field while maintaining our “eclectic”
perspective relative to the nature and treatment of speech sound disorders. In the assessment and
treatment chapters, you will continue to see some of our biases regarding clinical management.
We continue, however, to defer to clinician judgment in deciding which assessment and treat-
ment procedures are most useful to them and the clients they serve.
We are indebted to several professionals who have once again contributed their knowledge
and expertise in specialized areas to this text: Ray Kent, Sharynne McLeod, Brian Goldstein,
Aquiles Iglesias, Brigid McNeill, Gail Gillon, Laura Justice, and Melanie Schuele. We also
appreciate the contributions and suggestions that four anonymous reviewers of the seventh
edition of the text provided to Pearson.
ix
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