Array and Phased Array Antenna Basics

378 Pages·2005·23.51 MB·English

by  Prof Hubregt Visser

Array and
Phased Array
Antenna Basics
Hubregt J. Visser
Antenna Engineer, The Netherlands
John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

Array and Phased Array Antenna Basics

Array and
Phased Array
Antenna Basics
Hubregt J. Visser
Antenna Engineer, The Netherlands
John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
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Contents
Preface xi
References xii
Acknowledgments xiii
Acronyms xv
1 Radiation 1
1.1 The Early History of Electricity and Magnetism 1
1.2 James Clerk Maxwell, The Union of Electricity and
Magnetism 8
1.3 Radiation by Accelerated Charge 10
1.4 Reactive and Radiating Electromagnetic Fields 18
References 18
2 Antennas 19
2.1 The Early History of Antennas 19
2.1.1 Resonant Electric Circuit 20
2.1.2 Heinrich Hertz: The First Antenna and Radio
System 23
2.1.3 Guglielmo Marconi, the Dawn of Wireless
Communication 28
vi CONTENTS
2.1.4 After the First Transatlantic Transmission 35
2.1.5 Directivity 40
2.2 Antenna Developments During the First World War 44
2.3 Antenna Developments in Between the Wars 47
2.3.1 Broadcasting 47
2.3.2 Microwaves 48
2.4 Antenna Developments During the Second World War 50
2.4.1 Radar 50
2.4.2 Other Antenna Developments 60
2.5 Post-War Antenna Developments 72
2.5.1 Frequency Independent Antennas 73
2.5.2 Helical Antenna 74
2.5.3 Microstrip Patch Antenna 75
2.5.4 Phased Array Antenna 76
References 80
3 Antenna Parameters 83
3.1 Radiation Pattern 83
3.1.1 Field Regions 84
3.1.2 Three-Dimensional Radiation Pattern 87
3.1.3 Planar Cuts 91
3.1.4 Power Patterns and Logarithmic Scale 96
3.1.5 Directivity and Gain 98
3.1.6 Reciprocity 101
3.1.7 Antenna Beamwidth 102
3.2 Antenna Impedance and Bandwidth 103
3.3 Polarisation 107
3.3.1 Elliptical Polarisation 107
3.3.2 Circular Polarisation 109
3.3.3 Linear Polarisation 110
3.3.4 Axial Ratio 110
3.4 Antenna Effective Area and Vector Effective Length 112
3.4.1 Effective Area 112
3.4.2 Vector Effective Length 114
3.5 Radio Equation 115
3.6 Radar Equation 117
3.6.1 Radar Cross-Section 118
References 120
CONTENTS vii
4 The Linear Broadside Array Antenna 123
4.1 A Linear Array of Non-Isotropic Point-Source
Radiators 123
4.2 Plane Waves 124
4.3 Received Signal 126
4.4 Array Factor 131
4.5 Side Lobes and Grating Lobes 131
4.5.1 First Side-Lobe Level 131
4.5.2 Grating Lobes 132
4.6 Amplitude Taper 133
References 135
5 Design of a 4-Element, Linear, Broadside, Microstrip Patch
Array Antenna 137
5.1 Introduction 137
5.2 Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna 138
5.2.1 Cavity Model 138
5.2.2 Input Impedance and Radiated Fields 140
5.2.3 Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna Design 144
5.3 Split-T Power Divider 149
5.3.1 Analysis Basic Power Divider 150
5.3.2 Analysis Impedance Transformer 158
5.3.3 Power Divider Scattering Matrix 160
5.3.4 Split-T Power Divider Simulation 161
5.4 Transmission and Reflection Coefficients for a
Corporate Fed Array Antenna 163
5.4.1 Two-Element Subarray 165
5.4.2 Four-Element Array 166
5.5 Simulation, Realisation and Measurement 169
5.5.1 Realisation 169
5.5.2 Simulation and Measurement 170
References 174
6 The Linear Endfire Array Antenna 177
6.1 Introduction 177
6.2 Phase Differences 178
6.3 Hansen–Woodyard Endfire Array Antenna 183
6.4 Mutual Coupling 185
6.5 Yagi–Uda Array Antenna 188
6.5.1 Mutual Impedance 189