aries

68 Pages·2012·2.56 MB·English

LA-UR-93-4217
Decemb8e,r1 993
LESSONLSE ARNEFDR OMT HET OKAMAKA DVANCED
REACTOIRN NOVATIAONND E VALUATISOTNU DY( ARIES)
R.A .K rakowski
C.G .B athke
R.L .M iller
K.A .W erley
Thirse powratsp repaarsae nad c cooufwn otr skp onsboyra enad g enocfty h eU nited
StatGeosv ernmeNneti.t thheRere geonftt sh Uen iveorsfCi atlyi fotrnhiUean ,i ted
Statgeosv ernmneonartn ya gentchye rneooarf,n yo ft heeimrp loymeaeksea,sn y
.w arraenxtpyr,oe rsi sm ploirea ds,s umaensly e glaila boirlr ietsyp onsfiobtrih lei ty
accuracy, coomrup sleeftuelnonefaes nssyis, n formation, apparatus, product, or
procdeisssc loorrs eepdr etsheanitttu sss weo ulndoi tn frpirnigvea otwenlerydi ghts.
Referehnerceeti oan n ys pecciofimcm erpcrioadlu pcrto,c eosrss e,r vbiyct er ade
namet,ra demamrakn,u facotrou trheerr,dw oiesnseo n,te cessariloyr ic mopnlsyt itute
itesn dorsermeecnotm,m endoarft aivoonr,bi yTn hgeR egenotfts h Uen iverosfi ty
CaliforntihaUe,n ited Stateso raG onvyae grnemnecnyt ,t Thheerv eioefw s and
opiniooftn hsae u theoxrpsr ehsesreeddi onn o nte cesssatraoitrlre ye fletchto osfe
TheR egenoftt sh Uen iverosfCi atlyi fotrnhiUean ,i tSetda tGeosv ernmeonrat n,y
agentchye rof
TAB LE OF CONTENTS
Abstra.ct. . . .. 1
I.I NTRODUCTION 3
A.A pproacahn dS cope 3
B.A RIESB ackground 4
IID.E SIGNS UMMARIES 9
A.A RIES-I/ARIES-I' 13
·
B.A RIES-III 15
·
C.A RIESI-I/IV 17
·
D.C omparisaonndA lternati.v es 19
·
IIIS.Y NOPSISOF KEYF INDINGSA ND LESSONSL EARNED. . 12
A.G enerFailn dinagnsd L essons . 12
B.A RIES-I. . . 42
C.A RIESI-I/IV . 52
D.A RIES-III . 62
IV.S UMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS . 92
A.S ummary ofL essonLse arned . 92
B.C onclusi.o ns. . .3 1
. .
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . 33
. 53
REFERENCES . .
. 73
NOMENCLATURE
. 93
APPENDIXA :A RIESP ublications
APPENDIXB :D etailAeRdI ESD esigPna rameters . 34
APPENDIXC :D rawingosfA RIESF usioPno werC ores . 74
11
LESSONSL EARNED FROM THE TOKAMAK ADVANCED
REACTOR INNOVATIONA ND EVALUATIONS TUDY (ARIES)t
R.A .K rakowskCi.G, . B athkRe.,L .M ill,ea rndK .A .W erley
Abstract
Lessonfsro m thef our-yeAaRrI ES( AdvancReeda ctIonrn ovatainodnE valuation
Studyi)n vestigaotffi ouornc ommercimaalg netiucs-ifon-ene(rMgFyE )p ower-plant
embodimenotfts h et okamaakr es arizeTdh.e slee ssoanrse d erivferodm the
umm
physicesn;g ineerainndgt echnoloegcyo;n omicasn;de nvironmentsaalef,t ,y and
healt(hE S&H) characteorfti hsetsiceco sn cepttuoakla mapko wer-pldaensti gns.
Thiss aryo fA RIESl essoinssi ntendteodp rovidae g enerailn dicatoofr
umm
ther equiremeonfte sc onomicaalnldy e nvironmentaatltlrya ctfiusvieo np ower.
The integratoifof nun damentatlo kamakp hysicwsi thc onceptueanlg ineering
modeltsh rougah c ost-bassyesdt emmse thodolhoagsyb eene speciatlhloyr ouignh
ARIEST.h er esultqiunagn titativef sta rmaodnegt oofkamapkl asmpah ysicpsl,a sma
engineerainndga , wider angoef s upportirnega cteonrg ineerdiinsgc iplianneds ,
thee nhanciendt erdiscipulnidnearrsyt andofit nhgei mpacotfc onstralienatdsi tnog
optimal tokamak arreema acjtoocrro sn tributoifto hnesA RIESP rojecAt g.e neral
conclusdiroanw nf rom thiesx tensive invesotfti hgeac toimomne rciaplo tentoifa l
tokamapko weprl antisst hen eedf orc ombined, symabdivoatniccie nsb othp hysics
ande ngineerbienfgo reec onomic competiwtiitvhde enveeslso paidnvga nceedn ergy
sourcecsa nb e projecteCdo.m parabaldev ancefosr materiaalrsea lson eeded
fort hee xploitaotfiE oSn& H advantagreesl atteodp assivseae ftya ndr educed
radioactive-bwuarsdteenA .l thougthh ea bove-mentiionnteedg ratoifpo hny sics,
engineeriencgo,n omiacnsd,E S&H componenitssa n ongoinpgr ocelsism itbeyd
presenutn derstandainndga ,l thoumgahn yo ft heA RIESa ssumptions retmoa in
be verifieedx perimenyt,a a lplreefrenchea se mergefdor followintghe p atho f
second-stabilmiet tyo-kraemgaik phytsoiwcasr dasn o ptima(lie ..c, o st-competitive,
operationtarlalcyt abElSe&,H -acceptable) coemnmde-rpcrioadluT chte.f e asibility
oft hiosp timatlo kamarke actcoarn nobte a ssessehdo,w ev,e urntielx perimental
resulctosn firmitnhge n ecessaprhyy sicesn,g ineerainndgm ,a teriaulnsd erpinning
theA RIESd esignbse comaev ailablRee.s earcahn dD evelopme(nRt& D)a long
severianld ependelnitn etsh,e refowroeu,l db e prudentto a ssurteh en ecessary
advancneese defdo ra ne conomically comspyesttiewtmii tvhwe h ictho h arnestsh e
nearluyn limitseudp ployfn ucle-aufrsiofnue li na saef ande nvironmentbaelnliyg n
configuratioWnh.i lae m oderaetxet rapolaftroimo tnh ee xistitnogk amadka tab ase
usinpgr esent(loyre asilqyu)a lifieendg ineermiantge riawl.sin lolt a ttaitnh igso al,
ARIES hasp rovidae cdl eairn dicatoifto hne p otentrieaalc tmoerr itosft hes econd­
stability-troekgaimmaepk l asmwai thb othihg hc onfinemeenffitc ien(c(3y)a ndh igh
overaclurlr ent-dreiffivcei en(ciye ..b, o tlho wt otpalla smcau rreanntd h igbho otstrap­
currefnratc tioann)i ;m portarnetl atceodn ditiisot nh en eedf oar plasmtah asth eds
a majoriotfyt heh eatinegn ergtyh rougrha diatcihoann neslost hahte atl oadosn
plasmfaac-incgo mponenctasn b em ore equadlilsyt ribufotre tdh em ore-compact,
high-engineerirnega-cgttaohiran wt o ulrde sult.
tWorks upportbeyUd S DOE,O fficeo f FusEinoenr g.y
1
2
I.I NTRODUCTION
A.A pproacahn dS cope
A compilatoifo" nb ottom-llienses"o ndse rivefdr om tfhoeu r-yeAaRrI ES
(AdvancReeda ctor Innovationasn d aSnt uadsys)e ssmernetl atetdh eretaor e
reporteTdh.i sa ssessmefnotc usoens thee conomisca,f e,t aynde nvironmental
impacotfsk eyp hysics, engiannedeo rpienrga,t ioansaslu mptitohnasft o rmt heb ases
oft heA RIESt okamapko wer-plant condceespitgunaTslh. e l eveolfq uantitative
integra.otfpi hoyns iacnsd e ngineeraicnhgi evbeydt heA RIESp rojeecxtc eetdhsa t
ofp revioburso,a d-bassteudd ioefst okamarke actorTsh.ei nterconnecotfit vhiet y
physiacnsd e ngineermiondge lasn da ssociarteesdu litnsu nderstandhionwbg e stto
achieve econocmoimcpaeltliyto ipveer,a tionaatltlrya ctsiavfeea,,n de nvironmentally
acceptarbelaec thoarssb eeanm ainf ocuisne acohf t heA RIESd esignTsh.i ss ary
umm
anda ssessmeonflt e ssodnesr ivferdo mA RIESi si ndependoefnt th eA RIESP roject,
buth asb enefitferdo mr evieawn dc ritifqruoem m anyP rojemcetm bersT.h ef ocus
oft hiss arya nda ssessmeinspt r imaroinlt yh ec ositm pacotfk eyp hysiacnsd
umm
engineercihnogi caensd assumptTihoend se.t ailed pahnydse incgsi neerriensgu lts
fromA RIESa red eferrteoad m oret echniPcraolj ercetp ort1•
Them aing oaol ft hirse poritst oc ompilteh et echnilceasls odnesr ivferdo m
theA RIESP rojeacntd t oe xpretshse c onsequenocfte hse stee chnilceasls oinnsa
cost-bassyesdt emcso ntexwti,t hitnh el imitatoifot nhseu nderstandainndmg o dels
usedt oe xpretshsa utn derstandaisne gl,a borabteeldo wP.h ysiacnsd e ngineering
solutitoont sh osies suetsh alti mitth eo veraaltlt ractivoefnt ehsets o kamapko wer
plana.tr ei dentifiTehde.s lei mitiinsgs ueasr ee xpressgeedn erailnlt ye rmosf t he
followAiRnIgE Sb ottom-line rae)ts huelE tSs&:H goalsse tf orA RIESw erem et
onltyh rougthhe u seo fe xpensiuvnec,o nventimoantaelr iabl)ts h;ep reseencto nomic
projectfioorna sll A RIESd esiganrse 5 0%o rm oreh ighetrh anf oro theard vanced
nucleaern ergsyo urceasn;d c )t heE S&H cosbte nefitass,q uantifibeydA RIES,
werei nsufficiteonc to untetrh ec ositm pactosft heg enerallloyw -power-tdy,e nsi
low-to-medeinugmi neeringA-RgIaEiSdn e signTsh.a tA RIESt echnicaadlvlayn ced
thec onceptfueaals ibiolfai stsye mblian cgo mplecxo nfiguratioofun n conventional
materiaalrso untdh et okamapkl asmfao rp urposoefsg eneratnientg- elecptorwiecr
isw eldlo cumentienRd e f1.. Th ata ttributest hoatn(h qeura ntifiacbolseet)v, e ni ft he
cosbte inags sessreedfl ecctrse diftosrn uclear-scahfaertayc teritshtaaitrc esu nique
tof usiocna,nb el istaesdr easofnosdr e velopfiunsgi poonw e(r. e.ge,l iminatoifCo On2,
reducemdi ninega,s endu clelairc ensuinnlgi,m itfeude le,ct .i)sw elrle cognizeidna;
ratiownoarll hdo,w ev,ee rventh esaet tribumtuesstb ee xpressoenad c ommonc osting
basifso ri nformcehdo icteosb em ade.A lthoutghhe saes -yet-unquantsioficaiballe,
technicaanlde, c onomaiscp ecotfsA RIESa rer ecogniztehde,yw eren oti ncludaesd
ani dentifiatbalsfkeo ArR IESa,n dh,e ncea,r en ote xplictirtelayt iendt hiss ary
umm
assessment. Exocflt uhseisaoesn - yet-unquantiisfisaubeflsre o mt hiass sessment,
howev,ed roesn otd iministhh eir imporatnadtn hceec loudintehsesyc ontribtuot e
anyf uture projoeffc otrimao nnd r olfeo fru siionnt heo veraelnle rgeyq uation.
Throughotuhtia ss sessme"netc onomciocm petitiveinsme esass"u readg ainasnt
advance(dn ucleeanre)r gsyy stetmh aits a ssumeda:)t ob ea cceptbeydt he( U.S.)
publibc);t ob el icensienad n acceptapbelrei oodft imec;) t oh aved evelopaendd
implementas eadf aen de conommieca nsf orra dioactive waste ddi)ts oph oasvael ; and
3
founad s imilasralfayen de conomsiocl uttioot nh el ong-tfeuresmlu ppplryo blem.
Thesaes sumptiaolnslsoa rgealpyp ltyoA RIESW.hi lep rogriessb se inmga dei n
thesaer eacso,m plreetseo luitsni ootin n h andp,a rticufloacrro luyn trtiheaestn joy
a( short-atbeurnmd)a onfci en expensigvyel, i ektnehe eUr .8I.ft hesfeo urk eyi ssues
cannboetr esolfvoerd advfiasnsciepodon w e,tr hefnu sitohnr ouegxhp loiutniinqgu e
ES&Hc haractermiasyfit nidac c so mpetietdigv(eei .peo.i,no tfm arkepte netration)
byo fferainon pgp ortufnoiertn yh ancpeudb laiccc eptarnecdeu,cl eidc enbsuirndge n,
morea cceptawbalsetfe o rma,n da ne conom"iccl osuorfte h"en uclefaurec ly cle.
Them eanuss eidn A RIESt oq uantiinfe yc onomtiecr mtsh i"sE S&He dgea"r e
primarliilmiyt etdos afe,at nyda rer eflectiensd u bsystceomsc tr ediitfcs e rtain
"LeveolfSs a feAtsys uran(cLeS"Ac )o ulbded esiganneddd emonstrraetceodg,n izing
thaetx pensiuvnec,o nventmiaotnearli maalysb er equirIenda .d ditisoonm,eo f
thel ess-quantEiSfi&aHib slseu leiss taebdo vaer ei ncorporiantdeidr eicntttlohy e
ARIESc ostitnhgr outghhea ssumptioofsn hso rcto nstrutcitmi(eoi n. 6e yr.),a nd
a relatilvoewDl eyc ommissiaonndDi encgo ntamin(aDt&iDoc)nh argIef.h, o weevr,
thespeo tentEiSa&lH a dvantadgoen so tc omet of ruitfiooern c onomrieca soonrs
becauasdev ancienfis s sioobnv iamtoeso tf t hie mportEaSn&tH d ifferbeentcweese n
fissiaonnd f usipoonw e,tr hean m ores ymbiortoilmceu stb ec onsidefroferu ds ion
enerignyt hoev ereanlelr pgiyc ture.
Thel evoeflu nderstanadnidtn hgem odelasv ailatboAl ReI ESf alslo mewhat
shoritnq uantifmyainnyog f t hei mportiasnstu leiss taebdo veT.hi sa ssessment
obvioumsulsytw orwki tthh et ooalnsd r esutlhtasat r ea vailaHbelnec.te ,h ef ocus
oft hiss arya nda ssessmiestn htee x aminaatnidoi nn terpretthartoiuocgnoh s t­
umm
baseodb jefcutn ctioofpn hsy siacnsde ngineering intetrhcaohtna nsle ectdto ti hvei ty
ARIEeSc onompirco jectainodtn hsde i recitnib oontp hh ysiacnsde ngineewrhienrge
improvperdo jecftoitroh nteso kamraeka ctmiogrh btef ound.
B.AR IES Background
TheA RIESP rojewcatsi nitiiantl eadt1 e9 82,8w asc ompleitnel da t1e9 93-25,
andw asf undbeydt hUe. SD.e partmoefEn nte r,gO yfficeo fF usiEonne rgayta t otal
cosotfa bou$t12 m illiTohneA. R IESP rojeicntv estitghaept heyds iecnsg,i neering,
economaincd,E S&Hp otentoifta hlet okamaakp proatcomh a gneticcaolnlfiyn ed
fusipoonw e.r TheA RIESP rojeacltss oe ta sa goatlh ei dentificoafth iiognh ­
payoafrfe aosff usiroens eatrhcahct o ullde atdo s ignifiicmapnrto vemienntt hse
overaplrlo miosfte o kamarke actoTrhsel. e ssodnesr ivferdo tmh eA RIESP roject
ands arizheedr eairne u sedto i denthiifgyh -levaerreaagoseff usiRo&nD .
umm
Theslee ssoanrsee xpreslsaerdg ienlt ye rmosfc ositm pacotfps h ysics, engineering,
andE S&Hc hoicbeass eodn t heu nderstanadnidmn ogd elasv ailatboAl ReI ESa,s
discusisneS de cI.. Ab.r;o a,dq euralitaatnidvo ef,t esnu bjectivem uisstas luseos
beg iveand equate viwshiebnai slsietsyst ihneog v erall oouftA cRoImEeSa ndt he
contribmuatdieto ont hoev erfaulsli Ro&nD p lannpirnogc ess.
TheA RIEPSr ojewcatsd irecbtyet dh eU niverosfiC tayl ifoarnitaL osA ngeles,
thed ay-tot-adsamkya nagemewnatsp rovibdyeG de nerAatlo miacnsd,t heo verall
effowratsc onducbtyea d n atiotneaalmw itfho reipganr ticipAasti isio nnd.i cated
onT ablIe,t heA RIESt earm epreseans tuefdfi cienwtildsyep ectofi nstitutions
rum
ande xperttioas ceh ietvheeb roadceosnts enosnus so lutitootn hsem anyc omplex
andi nterconnteeccthendii csaslut ehsa atr osient hec oursoef t hes tu.d Wyitthh e
beneofiftr egulpaerer re viecwosn ducbtoetdwh i thitnh eP rojaencdta ta w idrea nge
4
TAB LE I.L isotf P articipaItnisntgi tutiinot nhseAR IES Study
Institution Areoaf R esponsibility
ArgonNnaet ioLnaablo ratory physiecnsg,i neering
AEAC ulhaLma boratory engineering
CalifoIrnnsitai otfuT teceh nology physics
( )
GenerAatlo micas physiecnsg,i neemraitnegr,i als
GeorgIinas tiotfuT teceh nology physics
JapaAnt omEince rgRye searIcnhs titupthey siscyss,t eemnsg,i neering
KurchaItnosvt iotfuA tteo mEince rgy systems
IdahNoa tioEnnagli neeLraibnogr atorsya fe,et nygineering(safety)
LosA lamoNsa tioLnaablo ratory physiscyss,t eemnsg,i neering
MassachusIentsttsio tfuT teceh nologye ngineering(magnets)
OakR idgNea tioLnaablo ratory physiscyss,t eemnsg,i neering
PrincePtloans mPah ysiLcasb oratoryp hysics
RensselPaoelry tecIhnnsitci tute physiecnsg,i neering
TSIR esearch engineering(neutronics)
UniverosfiC tayl ifoarnitBa e rkeley physiscasf,e ty
(b)
UniverosfiC tayl ifoarnitLa o sAn geles physiecnsg,i neemraitnegr,i als
UniverosfiI tlyl iantoU irsb ana-Champphayisginc s
UniverosfiW tiys conastMi and ison physiscyss,t ems,
engineering(nemuattreorniiaclss) ,
(ad)a y-top-rdoajyme acnta gement
(bp)r ojreecstp onsiabniddl iirteyc tion
off usion-tecahnndos lcoigeyn tmiefiect intghseA, R IESt eamw asa blteo p roduce
resutlhtasrt e fleacc to ntempoarnadnr oyr malivzieebdwy s cienatnidfie cn gineering
communitioefts h ef utuproet entrieaqlu,i Rr&eDd, a nds pectroufom p tiofnostr h e
l
tokamaapkp roatcofh u sipoonw e.r
A rangoeft okamarke actcoorn cewpatssc onsidebryte hdeA RIESt eami na
serioefss tudiiedse ntiafiseA dR IES--II,I aIn,d - II/EIaVc.hs tudeyx plortehde
impaocftd iffesreetnostfa ssumptoinot nhsde e groefee x trapolfartotimho en present
physiacnsd/ oern gineedraitnbaga sense edetdoa chieevaec tho kampaokw er-plant
embodimeTnhte.g energaola olf t heA RIESp rojewcatst oa ssetshse e conomic
competitivleenveoesflss a,f eatsys uranacnede, n vironmefnetaatlut rheasct o uld
beo btainientd o kamak-bfausseidpo onw eprl antthsa itn vokvea rioluesv eolfs
engineearnidpn hgy sics extrfarpoopmlr aetsieonnt expTehresi ceonpcaeen .dg oals
ofe acohf t heA RIESde siganrsei llustgrraatpehdi cianFl ilgy1. ,w hicdhe picatns
Engineering-pPhhaysssepi acc2seE .acdhe siigsln o catientd h ipsh assep acbeyt he
followqiuanlgi tmaetaisvueor fte h dee groefee x trapolraetqiuoiinrn ee idt hPehry sics
orE ngineering:
Present-aDcahyi:e vbayba lr ee asonable extarnadap m ooldaets(it5o1 -n0y ear)
•
perioofdd i recRt&eDd,s tartfirnogam fi rme xperibeanscteeh amta yh avbee en
develoepietdh weirt hfiuns ioorni na ne quivanloenn-tf usion t(eec.hg.n,o logy
12T- superconducting magnets).
5
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PRESENT-DAY NEAR-TERM AGGRESSIVE
ENGINEERING
FigL. Physics-Engicnoenfiegruirnagt isopnaacules etdo t arggeota alnsd o bjectives
foera cAhR IESd esigTnh.ep hase-sppoasciet rieoqnu itroea dc hieevaec AhR IES
desiigsni ndicawtietdah,n ymi gratitohna otc curbreecda uosfte h ed esipgrno cess
beinign dicaAtlesdso.h owanr et heI TERa6n dT PX7e xperimpernetsse nbteliyn g
designweidt,Ih T ERa dvanctihnegD T ignition/burn compoonfet nhtets o kamak
physidcast baa sea,n dT PXp ushimnogr ef orc ommercrieaalc troerl evainnc e
advanced, stetaodkya-msaptkla atsem abso;ta hr ee xpecttoea dd vantcheef usion
engineedraitnbaga siena n umbeorfc rucairael.a s
Neare-rTma:c hievbayba l meo desetx trapolianttpioao rnti aulnldye rstaodo­d,
•
vanceadr eawsi tlhi totrln eo e quivalent ebxapse(ere i.eg1n.6c,-es T u percon­
ductimnagg ne.t s)
Aggressaicvhei:e voanbllbyeya l aregxet rapolianttuiono pnr ovaerne awsi tnho
•
equivaelxepnetr ibeansce(e.e .g1.6,- sTu percondmuacgtnientgs ).
>
TheE ngineering-Physics moantF riigx.1 wdaespg iecnteerda attet dh e
beginnoiftn hgAe R IES Protjoee sctta2b tlhisesc ho paen dg oaolfse acohft hAeR IES
approacthote osk amfauks ipoonw e.Er vetnh outghhme e triissc u bjectthiivmsea ,t rix
provuesde fiunld efinianngd g uidintgh ep rojeTchits.m atrailxs roe maiunsse ful
focrh aractetrhieAz RiInEgSd esigwnist rhe spetcoet x pec(tperde -staundday c)t ual
6